Wednesday, October 30, 2019
Systems Analysis and Design_Aug13 Assignment - Nancy's Novelty Cakes
Systems Analysis and Design_Aug13 - Nancy's Novelty Cakes - Assignment Example 24 Schedule 24 b) Spreadsheet program 25 Task 3- B Graph 26 Increase in Sales Each Year 26 The above given graph clearly indicates that this investment will bring increase to expected sales. 27 Sales v/s Revenue 27 27 Above given graph demonstrates the relationship between sales and revenue. This graph clearly shows an increase in sales due to the increase in revenue. 27 Task 3- C 27 In this analysis I have shown a relationship between different variables such as the overall sales and total revenue. These relationships are demonstrates over a progress of four years and in a steady fashion. These relationships outline a steady line of increase in sales and overall increase in revenue after 2 years. ... ign 33 References 34 Introduction Nancy’s Novelty Cakes is a small confectionery business, which is expert in making novel and special occasion cakes for customers. Up till now, this company has been using a traditional approach for the management of its business operations. In this scenario, it has developed and maintained a file of cakes designs along with costs associated with those cakes. With the passage of time the management realized that this traditional approach is not useful for the successful management of business operations. Hence, they have decided to develop and implement a new technology based system. In this scenario, Nancy’s Novelty Cakes business is looking for an effective way to replace its old manual system they have had for the last 5 years with a new computerised system. I am a member of IT Company that is specialized in design and development of computerised business systems. Our consultancy firm has won a contract from this client. In this case our team is responsible for the development and implementation of a new technology based system for the better corporate operational and procedures management. This report presents a detailed analysis of some of the important aspects associated with the development and implementation of this new system. This report will discuss the requirements specification and design related aspects of Nancy Nancy’s Novelty Cakes business. This report is divided into different tasks and each task addresses specific topic. Task 1 a) System lifecycle model Software/system development lifecycle or simply the SDLC is a theoretical outline or process that demonstrates the phases or steps required for the development of a software application. In fact, this process outlines all the steps from preliminary feasibility
Monday, October 28, 2019
Senior Software Development Essay Example for Free
Senior Software Development Essay Accomplished, goal-oriented Information Technology Professional with 14+ years experience in software development and system integration.  Dynamic Leader with exceptional ability in successfully completing projects in the Banking, Manufacturing, Transportation, Stock Control, Telecommunincations, Billing Systems, and E-Commerce industries. Excellent customer service skills with an in-depth knowledge of EAI utilizing Websphere MQ and Websphere Message Broker.   Received a Bachelor of Information Technology from Cambridge International University and Advanced Diploma in Information Technology from TAFE College Seremban.  Strong analytical and data modeling skills. Fluent in English Bahasa Malaysia                CORE KNOWLEDGE AREAS à ¼Ã‚ Oral / Written Communication Skills à ¼Ã‚ Conflict Resolution à ¼Ã‚ System Development / Integration à ¼Ã‚ Superb Organizational Skills à ¼Ã‚ Research Development à ¼Ã‚ Project Management à ¼Ã‚ Analytical Skills à ¼Ã‚ Team Leadership CERTIFICATIONS IBM Certified Solution Designer WebSphere MQ V6. 0, 10/10/2007 IBM Certified System Administrator WebSphere MQ V5.3, 07/07/2006 PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE SCOPE INTERNATIONAL SDN BHD., (Crystal Plaza, P.J)                                                          2003-Present Technical Specialist Developed the Security Solution for MQ Connectivity (MQ 5.3) that executes extensive flight readiness tests with a 100% rocket engine performance success rate. Also developed the MQ Security Channel Exits and Message Exits utilizing RSA BSAFE CryptoC OpenSSL cryptographic libraries. Successfully developed and maintained Message Tracking Service to assist the Production Support Team and connected applications to check transaction statuses. Wrote a character conversion program to handle ASCII to EBCDIC and various Chinese Character Sets and ASCII / EBCDIC Characters. Successfully converted the Chinese characters from one Character Set to another based on the provided conversion table. Implemented SSL for MQ Connectivity in the AIX, Windows, Solaris, Linux and AS400 environments. Wrote the Application Installation Guides and shell scripts to simplify SSL implementations. Successfully introduced the PKI Management Guide for SSL certificate management approved by the Banks GIS (Global IT Security) team. Wrote a java program to convert files to MQ messages and can be configured to handle concurrent requests and handle grouping of MQ messages. Consulted with IBM team to conduct the POC to benchmark and test WTX Datapower for its application in Banks EAI model. Evaluated the functionalities and product performance. Evaluated XSLT Node against Java Compute Node for XSLT Transformations. Wrote Java Compute Node to handle XSLT Transformations. Enhanced the security requirement on message encryption and digital signature authentication by hardware security modules (HSM) between Mainframe and mid-range platforms such as Windows 2000, AIX, NT and Sun Solaris. PATIMAS COMPUTERS BERHAD.                                                                                                              2002-2003 Senior Software Engineer – Automatic Identification Technology Customized and enhanced existing functionalities including coding, interface designing, and analysis work for an intranet based application developed for the stock broking industry. MADAVAN RAMAN                                                                                                                 Page Two PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE  (Continued) PDX INFOWORLD SDN. BHD.                                                                                                                       1999-2002 Senior Software Engineer – Research Development Developed a client interface communicate with a bank host application utilizing ISO8583 standard messaging protocol. The objective of this project was to perform bank direct credit and debit card transactions with bank. Consulted with Network and Software Engineers to collect information on connectivity and message format specifications. Successfully developed and completed a program in JAVA which successfully communicated with a bank host application to perform a financial transaction. Collaborated with NERA Telecommunications, the main supplier of Hypercom products. Installed, configured and wrote a java interface to IBM Payment Server(TM) for AIX ®, Windows NT ®, and Solaris. Installed SET Certificates for encryption and signature to perform the sales transaction utilizing JAVA and socket programming. Led a team of seven staff members consisting of a System Analyst and Programmers to develop a gateway server application that linked Service Suppliers with Service Providers. The objective of the project was to ensure the connectivity is standardized and simplified for the Service Providers utilizing XML for the interface to modules and subsystems. Successfully integrated the system using a MQSeries JAVA client. ELECTRONIC COMMERCE SERVICES SDN. BHD.                                                                                         1999 Software Consultant – Professional Service Department Developed a client interface for a research and development project to communicate with a bank host application utilizing the ISO8583 standard messaging protocol. The project objective was to direct credit and debit card transactions with the bank. Consulted with Network and Software Engineers to collect information on connectivity and message format specifications. Successfully completed the Telecom Billing System project for Telokom Malaysia Bhd. updating the existing billing system to provide a manageable billing system. PINNACLE CONSULTANCY SDN. BHD.                                                                                                     1997-1998 Software Consultant – Professional Service Department Developed the PANTAS2 103 Directory Service for a major telecommunication service provider, Telekom Malaysia Bhd. integrated with Ericson software to enable communication with telephone exchange. Significantly increased speed and response time through the utilization of native functions such as Oracle OCI calls and â€Å"C++†dll’s. SOFTWARE ALLIANCE (M) SDN. BHD                                                                                                       1995-1997 Analyst Programmer – Professional Service Department Participated in the development of a Flight Crew Tracking System for Malaysian Airlines Systems (MAS) to provide Flight Crew Activity planning, monitoring and scheduling, constraint and legality verification. Utilized graphical user interface to display up-to-date daily flight roster developed under OS/2 platform using C/C++ Set 2 Presentation Manager Programming, and DB2 database. MESINIAGA SDN. BHD                                                                                                                                       1994-1995 Programmer – Professional Service Department Developed the Pacific Interlink Order Tracking system utilized to track orders and provide up-to-date status. This system was developed under the OS/2 platform, C/C++ Set 2 Presentation Manager, and DB2 database. MADAVAN RAMAN                                                                                                                   Page Three PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE  (Continued) MESINIAGA SDN. BHD, continued†¦ Successfully developed a stock movement and packaging label printing system created to print bar codes and product information utilizing the OS/2 platform, C/C++ Set 2 Presentation Manager Programming, and DB2 database. TECHNICAL SKILLS      Open Source Packages: Apache Web Server with Apache JServ Module, Apache Tomcat, JSP jPos (JAVA based financial exchange/payment framework), OpenSSL (Cryptographic Library)  J2EE JAVA Packages: JDBC, JMS-Java Message Service, JSSE-Java Secure Socket Extension, JAXP-Java API for XML Processing, Java Servlet  Platforms: AIX 5.2, Redhat Linux, Windows, Solaris, OS/2 Databases: DB2, Oracle Websphere Products:  Websphere Message Broker 6, Websphere MQ 6, MQSI 2.1, Websphere MQ 5.3 Other Products: PM4Data 8.1 (Metastorm), TDE 125 ( Tivoli Data Exchange – Metastorm ) Programming Languages: Java, C / C++, Unix Shell scripting, WMB – ESQL, COBOL, Pascal, Clipper, Presentation Manager Programming (C++) EDUCATION Cambridge International University, Kuala Lumpur Bachelor of Info. Tech, 2004 Western Australian Department of Training. TAFE College Seremban Adv. Diploma In Business (Info. Tech.), 1994 Western Australian Department of Training, TAFE College Seremban Adv. Cert. Of Info. Tech., 1993 Sekolah Menengah Rendah Palong 4, Gemas Negeri Sembilan, S.P.M., 1991 TRAINING Mesiniaga Sdn. Bhd. Presentation Manager Programming Software Alliance Sdn. Bhd. Practical Approach To Data Modelling, Introduction To Visual Basic, Introduction To SQL Windows Scope International Sdn. Bhd. WMQ System Administration II, WMQ Application Programming, WMQ Designing Architecting Clustering Solution, Introduction to WMB 6, Application Design with Websphere MQ
Saturday, October 26, 2019
Our Ethical Duty to Prevent Child Abuse Essay -- Violence Against Chil
Beating children, chronically belittling them, using them for sexual gratification, or depriving them of the basic necessities of life are acts that cannot be permitted in a civilized society. Tolerating child abuse denies the worth of children as human beings. Each of us has a moral obligation to turn in a child abuser. In the United States, teachers are told to report child abuse to the Department of Community Services because the department has the responsibility and legal mandate to insure a child's safety, care, and welfare (Bender et al. 1). Why must this responsibility be separate among people who live in the same city and care for these children? The Department of Community Services (DCS) should not have to be concerned with the moral responsibility of protecting a child or doing everything correctly as to not violate a law. They should only have to be watching out for these children and find ways to stop child abuse. This needs to change by building a real community where everyone can feel active, involved, and as though they are making a difference. The presence of child abuse goes back as far as history can remember. It was present in such societies as Ancient Egypt and Rome. We remember these societies as being great and prosperous. On the down side child abuse was very common, and mostly by the elite who had the power and the gold. We also have cases of child abuse in the Church. And when the case of the child is over the priest is just sent away to another city to preach, with the chance of the abuse happening again. People need to speak out to stop this "higher Power" from getting away with such a hurtful crime (Pride 1). "The Social service ... ...ave no future if our children are treated worthlessly. Community is a big key here. And community needs to come together and fight against child abuse. Protection of children from harm is not just an ethical duty; it is a matter of national survival. Works Cited Bender, et al. Child Abuse-Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego CA, Green haven Press Inc., 2004. Jackson, Valerie. Racism and Child Protection-The Black Experience of Child Sexual Abuse. London: Cassell Press, 2011. Kalichman, Seth C. Mandated Reporting of Suspected Child Abuse, Ethics, Law, and Policy. Washington DC: APA, 2005. Pride, Mary. The Child Abuse Industry. Illinois: Crossway Books, 2009. http://www.alex.edfac.usyd.edu.au/LocalResources/DepartPol/Childprotect/Child%20prot%20html#index. Roystone, Jennifer. All of our Children. 2008. http://www.vcuethics.org/
Thursday, October 24, 2019
The Manipulative Sirens and Their Victims in Margaret Atwoods Siren So
The Manipulative Sirens and Their Victims in Margaret Atwood's Siren Song In Homer's Odyssey, the Sirens are mythical creatures whose enchanting voices lure sailors to their deaths. These women have fascinated people ever since Homer sung the lines of his epic, inspiring artists of many genres from oil paintings to films. In her poem "Siren Song," Margaret Atwood re-envisions the Sirens to draw a comparison between the myths and modern life. Atwood portrays men as victims of "Sirens" (women) by making her readers the victims. Atwood begins her poem with the speaker mysteriously introducing a secret. Speaking to her audience, the Siren--whose role is played in real life by women and paralleled by poets--attracts attention immediately with her luring phrases and vocabulary: "This is the one song everyone / would like to learn: the song / that is irresistible..." (1-3). Even with the word "siren" screaming, "Warning! Danger!" the loud ringing serves only to catch more notice. Readers respond with interest, wanting to hear this song and wondering why it is "irresistible" (3). Atwood uses colons in this first stanza as her tool for pulling readers into her story. Her colons hint at the revelation of this great secret; readers must read on to discover it. Rather than stopping abruptly, Atwood carries her thought to the second stanza by beginning it with a lower case letter. However the speaker does not continue that thought by telling the secret right away as the reader would expect. Instead Atwood gives the speaker a seductive voice through her description of the enigmatic power of the Siren song. The speaker teases readers with evidence of its strength that "forces men / to leap overboard" (4-5), plunging to their deaths. ... ...t works every time" (27). In "Siren Song," Atwood plays off the mythical idea that Sirens seduce their victims in order to demonstrate the same manipulative tendencies in women and poets-women seduce men; poets seduce their readers. She proves her theory by exercising it and capturing her readers in her own poem. Her carefully crafted language forms a trap for her readers, demonstrating poetry's powerfully seductive nature. Readers become entranced in her story, and, after facing death as the Siren's (Atwood's) victims, her readers agree that this is "the song / that is irresistible..." (2-3) and "it works every time" (27). Works Cited Hamilton, Edith. Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes. New York: Mentor, 1990. VanSpanckeren, Kathryn and Jan Garden Castro. Margaret Atwood: Vision and Forms. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1988.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Donald Trump Essay
Trump's early years are a major part of what has made him successful in the past and in the present Donald John Trump was born on June 14, 1946 in the city of Queens, New York into the family of Frederick C. And Mary McLeod Drum p. His father, Frederick C. Trump was a realest developer and builder. He owned multiple middle income apartment buildings in Queens. Dona's mom was a plinth rapist, working with different charities. Donald Trump was an energetic and assertive e child and according to the site Biography. Com â€Å"His parents sent him to the New York MilitaryAcademy, hoping the discipline would help channel his energy in a positive m inner. †Trump was very successful in the academy, in both social and academic aspect TTS. In Biography. Com it continues to states that â€Å"Trump did well academically and socially, rising to be star athlete and student leader by the time he graduated in 1964 Trump's efforts and work in the business world have made him the extremely we althy man he is today. He is currently worth currently is 4$ Billion, and owns multiple realest properties.He also owns many hotels, restaurants, c salons, ND even various golf courses in the United states as well as internationally. T rump also hosts the reality Television show ‘The Celebrity Apprentice†. These properties, realest investments and his successful TV show would not have been poss. able if it were not for his hard work during his younger years in business. His massive f retune and wealth were acquired through hard work, connections, as well as his exec Lent knowledge Of the business world. Trump began his career working in the fame business, the Trump organization, which built and operated apartment build nags.Trump later moved to Manhattan, where he began expanding his business career be cause he became convinced of the economic opportunity there. Trump involved himself fin various building projects and opportunities in the city that would earn him high pr ofit s and recognition. Trump's personality and attitude are some of the defining factors that make him a very notable businessman, entrepreneur, and celebrity today. Trump's charisma and charm have helped him in his career as well. His charisma and personality as well as knowledge and communication skills are key to his such as.Donald Trump's interpersonal abilities are key to making connections in the b equines world and to achieve personal success. His ability to combine business knoll edge and Mr. Frangible great communication skills would seem to be one of the main factors that were e beneficial in becoming the successful businessman that he is. Trump's wealth, knowledge, and personality are a part of his major success. His wealth and success will leave behind a legacy and is an example of the economic opportunity in the United States.He would continually â€Å"set high tankards of excellence while expanding his interests in real estate, sports an d entertainment†Biogra phy-asp). Donald J. Trump has been a success in his personal life as well as in his professional and busing sees life. His entrepreneurial skills and his savvy knowledge and assertive skills put him In a successful pathway leaving a legacy and example of the economic opportunity y in the United States.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Chinese vs. American Diet Review Essay
Chinese vs. American Diet Review Essay Chinese Diet vs. American Diet Review Essay Chinese Diet vs. American Diet Review Essay Food, similarly to water and air, is believed to be one of the most significant things on the globe. One cannot exist without food; therefore, people of various regions esteem the diet to such an extent that they have created their own distinct diet cultures. People’s life standards are developing and changing every day together with economic progress. There are so many different meals in the world that people have an absolute freedom of choice. Everybody knows that the nutrition is one of the major physical requirements, and it has the central status in the life of each person. Practically every country in the world demonstrates extensive cultural background which has gone through a long history, experienced numerous alterations, and finally, formulated its current set of the cultural system. This paper will demonstrate the tremendous differences between the Chinese and American diets. The Comparison of Chinese and American Diets Diet is a cultural acquisition which is handed down from generation to generation in different states of the world. The majority of countries and nations developed their own specific and distinctive peculiarities regarding diets which appear to be highly consistent. The traditional Chinese food is characterized by decreased or moderate quantities of animal-based protein and a multitude of plant-based foods. The Chinese diet is one among numerous traditional food styles which has obtained commendation for its disease-combating capacities. The Chinese cooking is more than merely a tasty and splendid manner of preparing a meal, as it utilizes food as a therapy to balance the body during the seasons. Strategical mixtures of spices and flavors redound to the healthy and tasty characteristics of this diet. The traditional Chinese cuisine utilizes vegetables that have been gently steamed or stir fried with such sources of carbohydrates as rice, noodle soups or dumplings. Fish and meat are a lso important constituents of the Chinese traditional food but they are consumed in much smaller quantities as compared to the typical American diet. American cooking styles demonstrate a tendency to utilize spices in order to obtain flavor increment while Chinese cooking styles add spices, especially garlic and ginger, as an aid to digestion. It is important to mention that green tea, which is widely known for its antioxidant characteristics, is a prominent feature of the Chinese diet. Roughly saying, the American meals are the Chinese food reflected in a carnival mirror. All Chinese diet characteristics can be read backward. The American food is associated with red meat and other fatty foods while fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are consumed in rather limited amounts. Thus, this diet is featured by fat, calories, cholesterol, sugar, and salt. Moreover, the American cuisine is critically short on dietary fiber and numerous significant nutrients together with plant-grounded substances (known as phytochemicals) which assist in protecting the heart from cancer. It becomes obvious that Chinese and American food patterns are entirely opposite. There are several reasons which cause such discrepancies. Firstly, the diet concepts are different in these two countries. The Chinese concentrate on the sense of food which incorporates the shape, flavor, and taste of the meal. On the other hand, the major concept of the American diet concerns rationality. The U.S. culture is highly interested in the nutrition which makes the diet very simplified. The Americans are not interested in stewing food for a long time or process it in a complicated manner. Due to the fact that the pace of life is fast in their culture, people have a tendency to simplify everything. The shape and the overall look of fast meals satisfy all requirements of the Americans. Its comfort and easement correspond to the high effectiveness of this developed country. Secondly, the histories of both countries are extremely different. There is a saying in China which can be translated as â€Å"food is the first necessity of the people†. The history shows that the level of productivity was comparatively low in China, which was the reason why a lot of people were hungry. Thus, the Chinese regard food as one of the most significant things. Eating is a specific form of pleasure and delight for the Chinese. On the contrary, the U.S. is a developed country which has solid and concrete food industry. The Americans do not regard food as something special, and that is why fast food and cans are so popular there. People in the U.S. think about food only when they are hungry, and they do not convert a typical dinner into a whole ceremony. Therefore, different lifestyles and cultures cause numerous serious differences between the Chinese and American diets. Firstly, the Americans prefer eating several meals during a day, while the Chinese are accustomed to eating only three meals a day. The Americans eat when they feel hungry, and they typically do not interrupt the activity they are involved in. Food helps the Americans to stay active and not to get distracted from their business. The Chinese are more traditional in this matter that is why they prefer to eat only three times a day. Moreover, Chinese people are extremely traditional in accordance with cooking patterns. They are supposed to take into account three major essentials of a meal including flavor, color, and taste. Thus, each Chinese meal should look like a piece of art being delicious and attractive. It is obvious that currently, the Chinese do not have possibility to dedicate so much time to diet and cook more than three times a day. Secondly, Chinese people are accustomed to purchasing fresh food each day. They are interested in being healthy and understand that the major purpose of food is to make them strong and healthy. On the other hand, the Americans have a tendency of buying food once for the whole week. Thus, they purchase food which can be easily stored in the refrigerator, and afterward eat processed food. Such semi-meals are harmful to health, as they incorporate a lot of preservatives and pigments. Nevertheless, the Americans are used to a simplified lifestyle, and it helps them to do everything quickly and without taking unnecessary steps. Thirdly, Chinese families like to celebrate festivals and national holidays in a traditional manner which make them prepare a lot of dishes in order to entertain guests. On the contrary, the Americans do not have a tendency to cook various meals when having guests or celebrating a holiday. It is common for visitors to bring some homemade cakes or pies in order to surprise and amuse hosts. Fourthly, Chinese people adore vegetables, and they even utilize vegetable oil, like soybean oil, in the process of food preparing. Generally speaking, the Chinese eat much more fresh vegetables and fruits than the Americans who prefer animal fats (butter). Thus, it becomes obvious that the Americans consume much protein, but their stomach functioning is severely impacted due to the shortage of cellulose in the organism. On the other hand, the Chinese are known for eating the viscera of animals, including the livers, intestines, lungs, etc. The Americans do not have such eating habit. The viscus of animals contains a huge quantity of cholesterol which is harmful and hazardous to health. Fifthly, Chinese people are accustomed to eating sweet food or fruits after the meals, while the Americans prefer to consume something sweet before the meal or when waiting for the meal to prepare. Nevertheless, the majority of nutritionists believe that it is more beneficial and healthy to consume fruits prior to taking a major meal. Finally, Chinese people are accustomed to eating prepared and cooked food. They dedicate a lot of time to this process and attempt not to skip main meals. On the contrary, the Americans are used to quick lifestyles, thus, they select fast preprocessed or absolutely raw food. The latter one is considered as more nutritious than the cooked or especially fast food. The paper vividly demonstrates that American and Chinese diet cultures are highly discrepant. The major reasons why these two cuisines are so different concern the people’s attitude towards the food. Chinese people consider food as the center of a mini banquet. They prefer to eat together in a family circle, advising and offering each other different dishes and drinks. Each of their meals is a little masterpiece. They enjoy tasting delicious food while communicating with each other in a harmonious setting. In contrast to China, the Americans are highly active and busy. Their diet helps them to stay energized and continue their work. They do not have a tendency to dedicate a lot of time to preparing a meal, thus, they buy and eat preprocessed food which saves their time. In their view, time is more important than health. Chinese diet culture demonstrates great consistency and continuity concerning the cultural tradition which has been handed down from generation to generation. Thus, the paper obviously depicts that the differences in patterns, concepts, nature and attribution reflect the discrepant dietary cultures in China and the U.S.
Monday, October 21, 2019
Improving Reading Skills for ESL
Improving Reading Skills for ESL Reading is an important part of learning English, but many students find it difficult. This collection of tips will help you improve reading by using skills you use in your own language. Tip 1: Read for Gist Gist the main ideas Read the text a first time. Dont stop. Read to understand the main ideas, and dont look up new words. Youll be surprised that you can usually understand the general idea of the story. Tip 2: Use Context Context refers words and situations that are around a word you dont understand. Look at the example sentence: I went to the shlumping to buy some chitla for dinner. Whats schlumping? - it must be a store because you bought something there. Whats chitia? - It must be food because you are going to eat it for dinner. Tip 3: Use Your Own Language One of the best tips on improving reading is to think about how you read in your own language. Start by thinking about how you read different documents. How do you read the newspaper? How do you read novels? How do you read train schedules? and so on. Taking time to think about this will help give you clues on how to read in English - even if you dont understand every single word. Ask yourself this question: Do I read every word in your own language when I am reading a schedule, summary, or other outlining document? The answer is most definitely: No! Reading in English is like reading in your native language. This means that it is not always necessary to read and understand each and every word in English. Remember that reading skills in your native language and English are basically the same. Tip 4: Understand Different Reading Skills Here is a quick overview of the four types of reading skills used in every language: Skimming - used to understand the gist or main ideaScanning - used to find a particular piece of informationExtensive reading - used for pleasure and general understandingIntensive reading - accurate reading for detailed understanding Skimming Skimming is used to quickly gather the most important information, or gist. Run your eyes over the text, noting important information. Use skimming to quickly get up to speed on a current business situation. Its not essential to understand each word when skimming. Examples of Skimming: The Newspaper (quickly to get the general news of the day)Magazines (quickly to discover which articles you would like to read in more detail)Business and Travel Brochures (quickly to get informed) Scanning Scanning is used to find a particular piece of information. Run your eyes over the text looking for the specific piece of information you need. Use scanning on schedules, meeting plans, etc. in order to find the specific details you require. If you see words or phrases that you dont understand, dont worry when scanning. Examples of Scanning The Whats on TV section of your newspaper.A train / airplane scheduleA conference guide This lesson plan focusing on scanning reading skills can be of help in practicing these skills on your own or in printed out for in-class use. Extensive reading Extensive reading is used to obtain a general understanding of a subject and includes reading longer texts for pleasure, as well as business books. Use extensive reading skills to improve your general knowledge of business procedures. Do not worry if you understand each word. Examples of Extensive Reading The latest marketing strategy bookA novel you read before going to bedMagazine articles that interest you This lesson focusing on improving vocabulary through extensive reading can be of help putting these skills into practice. Intensive reading Intensive reading is used on shorter texts in order to extract specific information. It includes very close accurate reading for detail. Use intensive reading skills to grasp the details of a specific situation. In this case, it is important that you understand each word, number or fact. Examples of Intensive Reading A bookkeeping reportAn insurance claimA contract Improve Other English Skills You can use these reading skills in a number of ways to improve other areas of English learning such as pronunciation, grammar and increasing vocabulary. Reading Tips to Improve Your PronunciationReading Tips to Improve Your VocabularyReading Tips to Improve Your Conversational SkillsReading Tips to Improve Your GrammarReading Tips to Improve Your Listening Skills Next, review your understanding of these four basic reading skills. If you teach an English course, you can use these quick review texts in class, as well as this lesson plan focusing on identifying reading skills.
Sunday, October 20, 2019
Pesticides essays
Pesticides essays There are 2.5 billion pounds of pesticides being applied to agricultural products each year in the United States. This is ten times more than was applied forty years ago. It is still unknown as to what type of exact effects these chemicals may have on individuals. Some farmers that have been using pesticides in their fields and developed leukemia are finding that the cause of their disease is from inhaling pesticides. These chemicals are still in use today and most of them have never been tested for the short or long-term effects that they may have on humans. Each year there are 10,000 pesticide related poisonings. On July 4th 1985, over 300 Californians became sick after eating watermelons treated with the pesticide tenik. Testing supermarket produce is a way of determining the amount of exposure the consumer receives through common produce like carrots, tomatoes and lettuce. 44% of foods that were tested in supermarkets were found to have some traces of pesticide residue on them. Of all the pesticides found, nineteen of them were a pesticide called DDT. DDT was banned in this country 12 years prior to the testing. It was believed that these chemicals might have entered this country from another country that doesnt have pesticide restrictions as the U.S. does. Pesticides are contaminating the Earths water supplies. There are seventeen pesticides found in twenty-three states water supplies right now. Scientists at Cornell University conclude that 99% of pesticides miss the intended source and find their way into the water, air and soil. Most of the pollution isnt strong enough to create an immediate impact on humans so the wildlife is the primary target to these contaminates. Animals such as the European Starling birds are constantly being tested and found that they are greatly affected both behaviorally and psychologically. Farming practices that do not use pesticide ...
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Google Company - People Management practices Research Paper
Google Company - People Management practices - Research Paper Example It mainly specializes in the internet engine and allied advertising services. It primarily operates in the U.S, U.K and other countries in the global scene. It is based in California and employs over 20, 000 people. The company is not only known for its innovation and prowess in technology but also for its special HR practices and culture. Its HR practice is known as ‘People Operation’ and it is based on value of the employee relationship and respect. This keeps the employees highly motivated and improves their efficiency and productivity. Approach to Employee Rewards and Motivation In the company’s workplace, employees are considered to be the most important asset. This is owing to the fact that employees perform basic tasks in the organization that are aimed at achieving the company’s goals and objectives. It is important for employees to perform their duties in a positive environment that motivates them to maintain an optimistic attitude that improves th eir productivity. Google takes employee rewards and motivation seriously and has established motivation and rewards practices. In addition to the competent hiring process, Google employs compensation practices to gain a competitive advantage over its rivals. Google’s reward and compensation system is pay for performance based (Great Place to work, 2009). This means that the employees are motivated to deliver quality output so as to get a higher pay. Additionally, the company’s stock option organization ensures that employees get rewarded for the company’s equity linked growth. It was surprising that all the workers requested for a wage reduction in the year 2005 to 2006. These benefits and rewards help the company to recruit employees and motivate them towards achieving the goals and objectives. The employees take part in a wide range of extra curricula activities such as cycling, wine tasting and travelling which keeps them highly motivated and have the desired to work in the company throughout their lives. The company was ranked as the best workplace in the U.S by Fortune magazine in 2009 (Datamonitor, 2009). The company’s goal is to provide rewards and do away with all the obstacles that get in the way of their duties and responsibilities. Some of the rewards include top class dining facilities, laundry rooms, gyms, massage rooms, carwashes, dry cleaning and commuting services. The company believes in the provision of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards owing to the fact that employees are not motivated by monetary incentives alone. This explains the reason why the company has established a culture that highly rewards and motivates employees. One of the best ways of maintaining the company’s culture is by maintaining rewards. Together with its compensation and conventional extrinsic benefits including health and dental benefits, vacation packages, insurance, tuition reimbursement and flex spending accounts, the company also ha s unique benefits. These include an eighteen weeks maternity period at full pay. Additionally, parents get extra benefits during this period that make things easier. They are provided with an allowance to cater for the meals of the newborn and a back- up childcare plan. The company also contributes towards the legal expenses associated with child adoption. These are just some of the extrinsic rewards offered at Google. However, it is clear to note that people who work at the company are motivated by other reasons besides the rewards. They enjoy the freedom and
Friday, October 18, 2019
Family Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words
Family Law - Essay Example are treated slightly better than unmarried fathers when it comes to issues regarding the children, however when relationships break up it is generally the father that loses contact with the child or is restricted in the amount of contact they can have. Infrequently fathers are given preference over mothers in residence orders6. In general terms the courts have to have substantial proof that the mother is incapable of looking after the child before an order is made for the father to have care and control of the child. In the UK fathers can acquire parental responsibility either by being married to the mother of the child at the time that the baby is born or by the registering of the child jointly with the mother. Married fathers are entitled to register the birth of the baby without the mother being present and will be automatically entered onto the birth certificate of the child even if they are not present when the child is registered. Unmarried fathers will only appear on the birth certificate if the mother of the baby agrees to the father’s name been entered on the birth certificate. Since the introduction of the Adoption and Children Act 2002 an unmarried father can have parental responsibility if his name appears on the register of births. The effect of the 2002 Act led to the Children Act 1989 being amended so that there is no longer a requirement that the father has to prove his genetic fatherhood in order to be entered on the birth register. The acquisition of parental responsibility entitles the father to the right of consultation with regard to any decisions that are to be taken in respect of the welfare of the child7. In cases were the mother is incapable of caring for the child a father with parental responsibility can apply to the courts for a residence order whereby the court can insist on the child residing with the father8. In such cases the court can sometimes grant a joint residence order which giving the mother and father equal rights over
Auditing & Accounting Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2
Auditing & Accounting Ethics - Essay Example Auditing has to provide a reasonable assurance that financial statements(balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement) are free from material misstatements and present It is important to understand that auditing does not involve preparation of financial statements. The preparation of financial statement is an altogether different function and that is the responsibility of the management. An independent auditor’s report very clearly states this fact at the very start of the report. â€Å"It is management and/ or the directors of a company who are responsible for the preparation of financial statements which comply with relevant regulations and reflect the financial position of the company. Therefore certain elements of the preparation of company’s financial statements may be viewed as undertaking management functions and hence create a potential threat to the audit firm’s independence.(CISPA Guidance Note 6, page 1)i Generally audit is conducted to ensure that clerical accuracy of book keeping functions and the drawn accounting analysis there from. But the management may draw certain specific purposes of auditing besides reasonably ensuring true and financial position and results of financial performances. These purposes may be detection of frauds, valuing firm in a merger or take over scheme, the determination of rights at dissolution and like that. Financial statements are prepared adhering applicable GAAP. The purpose of auditing statements prepared under GAAP is to provide an independent opinion about the material misstatements in financial statement prepared as per GAAP. There may also be auditing other than expressing an independent opinion about misstatements. The purposes of such auditing are specific and predetermined by the management. As per John P Wilson and Ebrary (2006)ii these specific auditing purposes are: Independence of auditors is the most hotly discussed subject after the occurrences of scandals like Enron and other. In
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Socially Responsible Investing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10500 words
Socially Responsible Investing - Coursework Example As the report stresses the subsequent results revealed that the SRI has not been able to outperform the conventional investment funds rather have clearly underperformed. However, the SRI has been able to experience higher growth rate in the United States of America and Europe and other parts of the world. Overall, this performance reflects that the SRI funds and SRI indices have experienced a reasonable growth over the period of last 13 years and there has been a steady and stable upward growth in the SRI, reflecting that more and more investment is being done in the SRI.According to the paper findings the conventional investment has considerably violated the ethical and moral standards. In the conventional investment, the firms do not take into account the interests and expectations of society instead they prefer to serve their commercial objectives at the cost of society. This paper is consisted of five parts: introduction, literature review, methodology, data analysis and discussion and conclusion and recommendation chapter. In the introduction chapter, some background information about the SRI has been provided in which the historical development of the SRI has been provided. In addition, in this chapter, research aim, questions, objectives and limitations have also been included. Subsequently, in the literature review chapter, a comprehensive critical evaluation of the SRI has been provided in which history and definition of the SRI have been detailed and discussed as well.
Management and Leadership Assignment #1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Management and Leadership Assignment #1 - Essay Example Vandebroek, the Chief Technology Officer in Xerox, engages into a thorough discussion of the importance of innovation in the technology industry and the critical role of managing innovation in eventually gaining competitive advantage. According to the case study, Vandebroek distinguishes innovation from simple invention largely on the basis of their differentiation in orientation. As Noteboom (2000) claims, invention is the ‘obsession’ to create something new in a radical manner, whereas innovation is actually the process of transforming the new idea into marketable products or services. The underlining difference lies in the fact that while invention is the art of designing a new product or service, innovation is what actually matches the fit between this new product and the overall market. Innovating, according to Vandebroek, substantiates with the ability to introduce and launch new products that are necessary for the customers and which can yield economic returns and profits for the company. The distinction is directly related to the three stages of innovation as the term invention practically refers to the first two phases; concept and product technology. Invention, in other words, it is a part of innovation but fails to grasp the essence of making products or services available to the market. Chell (2001) states that innovation is not just about conceptualizing and developing new products, it is also about designing the overall strategy to efficiently and effectively introduce innovative products or services to the market. Therefore, in Vandebroek’s distinction the innovation adds up to the third stage which is non-addressed by invention. Kreitner (2006) states that during the last years, companies have assumed a pro-active role instead of creative as a partial way to avoid any forthcoming regulations Legal factors that might need to be considered by Xerox in its overall innovation
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Socially Responsible Investing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10500 words
Socially Responsible Investing - Coursework Example As the report stresses the subsequent results revealed that the SRI has not been able to outperform the conventional investment funds rather have clearly underperformed. However, the SRI has been able to experience higher growth rate in the United States of America and Europe and other parts of the world. Overall, this performance reflects that the SRI funds and SRI indices have experienced a reasonable growth over the period of last 13 years and there has been a steady and stable upward growth in the SRI, reflecting that more and more investment is being done in the SRI.According to the paper findings the conventional investment has considerably violated the ethical and moral standards. In the conventional investment, the firms do not take into account the interests and expectations of society instead they prefer to serve their commercial objectives at the cost of society. This paper is consisted of five parts: introduction, literature review, methodology, data analysis and discussion and conclusion and recommendation chapter. In the introduction chapter, some background information about the SRI has been provided in which the historical development of the SRI has been provided. In addition, in this chapter, research aim, questions, objectives and limitations have also been included. Subsequently, in the literature review chapter, a comprehensive critical evaluation of the SRI has been provided in which history and definition of the SRI have been detailed and discussed as well.
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
Disciplinary Literacy Writing Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Disciplinary Literacy Writing Project - Essay Example The data results obtained need to be of no biases; thus statistical research must be officially produced under no influence of political background. For instance, many social, military decisions, economic and political decisions cannot be made without applying the statistical techniques like structuring an experiment to gain federal approval of a new medice. In any organization or at any government the initial step to any project is plan analysis. (Szabo, 118) Actuarial are always involved in many activities within the organization since they form the major part of the running of most of the organization. The major duties of the actuarial involves collecting, receiving and obtaining data then analyze the information. This is done by identifying the underlying reasons or facts of data by simplifying the information. It includes analyzing social data, economical data; evaluate the level of probability of financial risk and conducting statistical modeling. (Crews, 87) Actuarial works in many different settings thus job duties may vary from company to company. Although the government is the largest employee of the actuarial, they can work in a number of places, mostly in insurance companies, Micro finance organizations, accountancy firms, pension funds, actuarial consultants, investment funds, life assurance companies but also can work in finance, marketing, government, manufacturing companies, and health care (Crews,35 ) As an actuarial, he is involved in compiling, coding, tabulating, categorizing, auditing calculating information. Once the information is tabled, the actuarial interprets the meaning of the information to which t is concerned this is by explaining the complex mathematical data and interpreting the tables or charts or graphs for economic or social research With the present level of technology the actuarial is core role also involve in using computer
Second World War Essay Example for Free
Second World War Essay Through this, Priestley has used the Inspector to show that no one can live their life in the sole aim to please themselves and that eventually, sharing (a form of equality) has to be done, even if it is with such an intimate feeling as guilt. This sharing is one of the basic elements of Socialism and through this statement and many more, the Inspector just reinforces his desire for peace and community. The play was written just after the Second World War had ended and the Labour Government were taking steps to bring the standard of lower-class living up. With this in mind, Priestley has used this Socialist standing about the Inspector, to put forward a message to the audience that they must not let Capitalism pull Society back to the unfair state it was before. Through many statements like these and the ever-present contrast to the Birling family, he shows how greed can destroy lives, and thus is ultimately used by Priestley to show that these kind of situations must stop and must do, for good. The characters who are used to oppose Inspector Gooles political standpoint and show the uncaring sides of Capitalism, are that of Gerald, Mr Birling and Mrs Birling. From the beginning of the play they are used to build up walls against the Inspectors claims, as they deem the life of Eva Smith un-important. They are continually used to act as corrupt ambassadors for the Capitalist belief, as they arrogantly refuse to accept any the responsibility for their actions, (as shown by Mrs Birling below): Im sorry she should have come to such a horrible end. But I accept no blame for it all.(Mrs Birling, Act two). This is only one of the many comments where these three characters have shown no exceptence for their vicious acts. Instead of repenting, they just pass the blame on and experience no remorse for the part they played in causing the innocent girl to die. Their only cares focus on their own statuses and how they themselves will be affected in the end. This harsh exterior and no compassion causes the audience to resent the three characters and in-turn, the beliefs they stand for. Priestley, who has used their disgusting behaviour for effect, wants the audience to ultimately detest these characters and thus, be totally against the seemingly corrupt political opinions that drive their cruelty. Even with these characters that show no response to the Inspectors morals, there are two who become rapidly changed throughout the plot. Sheila and Eric become briskly transformed, as their young ignorance matures into the social awareness that causes them to except the terrible acts as their fault. This prompt transformation is first shown in both characters at the end of the play, when the others try to write off the Inspector as a mere hoax. Sheila and Eric, who show that the Inspector has touched their lives, cant let anyone forget his message, as they stand up for what they believe: Youre beginning to pretend now that nothings happened at all. And I cant see it like that. (Eric, Act three). Thats just the way I feel, Eric. And its what they dont seem to understand. (Sheila, Act three). Sheila and Eric feel extremely guilty for what they have done and even when the others try to pretend that nothing has happened, they know something has. They show a compassion for Eva Smith and seek repentance, for they know what they did was wrong. This fact of remorse causes the audience to empathise with their character and thus feel a certain amount of respect, as they have witnessed them prevail through ignorance and ultimately except the truth. Inspector Goole shows that the younger generations cast a sign of hope and thus, can be inspired and used to fulfill great causes. Like Sheila and Erics susceptibility to unified equality in this story, Priestley hopes that younger people all over the world will also take the initiative to improve life, so that we no longer live our existence by greed and capital, but by the basic joy of humanitys diversity alone. Before the Inspector leaves the plot, he delivers Priestleys fundamental opinion to the audience very directly. In this, he conveys a final speech, in which he shows an immense compassion towards the issue being discussed. He explains that whatever social or political background we come form, that it is our duty in life to help those in less-fortunate positions, and with no doubt whatsoever, he shows that we cannot just disregard the facts at hand, but that we are to embrace every situation with our arms open-wide: But just remember this. One Eva Smith has gone but there are millions and millions and millions of Eva Smiths and John Smiths still left with us, with their lives, their hope and fears, their sufferings and chances of happiness, all intertwined with our lives, and what we think and say and do. We dont live alone. We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other. (Inspector Goole, Act three). This phrase means many things, and on the surface, is just a moral conclusion to sum up how we should look after each other; but when searched much deeper, Priestley shows how life needs to change on a much larger scale. For instance, this final message could describe how in Society, wealthy upper-classes need to look after those in lower-class poverty. It could also describe how nationally; stronger social groups need to become more aware of their exact effect on the vulnerable targets within the community. But when seen on a much broader height, it could also describe how internationally; stronger super-powers need to take in consideration the authority and equal rights of the smaller countries they tend to exploit. All of these possible scenarios, with whatever circumstance they may have, simply describe Priestleys ultimate intentions for the play to deliver. He uses the Inspector to employ his thoughts on social-awareness for the very last time, thus explaining that in every situation, whether it be global, national or personal, that our fundamental requirement is to look after others, thus ultimately avoiding the inevitable fire, blood and anguish that he talks about in his speech. I totally fall in agreement with what Priestley has used the Inspector to say about the political forefront of things. Although I am not a socialist like he is, I do think that we, as a body of intertwined lives, need to be sensitive to those in less fortunate situations and thus offer help, rather than just ignoring matters in the interest of our own good. In every circumstance, I think that we need to act with full reflection on the consequences of what we say and do, in the aim to avoid conflict of any kind in the future. Priestley was obviously a man who cared about the value of people over that of material objects, and in this issue, so am I. Paragraph 7 The Inspectors function as an Educator 1st Re-draft The last, but probably the most fundamental role in influencing the audience, is Inspector Gooles dramatic function as an Educator. In this position, Priestley has used the Inspectors character to educate the audience along side the rest of the characters, as he teaches them about the truth behind the Society. He shows that the class denominations are nothing but discriminative tools used to separate people and that the greedy ways of money are nothing but immoral and corrupt. The Inspectors most important act of educating is his continuous focus on the Capitalist opinion. He uses this to reveal the many faults within the political standing and thus ultimately deter the audience away from it. In much detail, he shows the belief to be prejudice, unfair and greedy; so much so, that even the Capitalist Mr Birling wont raise the wages for something as important as Eva Smiths survival. This scenario, only an example of the many prejudices within Capitalism, is an obvious outrage and thus, Priestley has used the Inspector to comment about it: its better to ask for the Earth than to take it (Inspector Goole, Act one) Through this, the Inspector shows that on the surface it is more justified for Eva Smith to ask for higher wages than it is for Mr Birling to roam through life thinking that he can have everything. This in wider terms shows that Priestley is firmly against the Capitalist supporters who believe that they are the centre of the Worlds existence, and that eventually their arrogance is no better than the impertinent people who ask to share a tiny portion of their wealth. Capitalism is therefore shown to be a selfish, non-compassionate system, and thus Priestley educates the audience against it, advising them that it is certainly not a method to run anyones life by.
Monday, October 14, 2019
Flow Through A Venturi Meter
Flow Through A Venturi Meter Given a Venturi Meter, Cv , the Venturi coefficient can be determined to compare the actual and ideal values as per Bernoullis predictions, for a volume flow rate. For better comparisons, two separate trials were analyzed and Venturi coefficients for both were computed. Trial 1 and Trial 2 yielded a Cv of 0.93 and 0.92 respectively. In this experiment the values calculated were found to be less than 1.0; this relatively high correlation between the experimental and ideal flows for the given Venturi meter however when compared to the ideal flow, the actual flow for this Venturi is not steady nor one dimensional. Therefore neither of these assumptions can be applied to any given actual flow. Nomenclature Variable/ Constant/ Symbol/Parameter Values Q Volume flow rate (m3/s) V Velocity (m/s) A Area (m2) à  air Density of air, 1.23 kg/m3 à  water Density of water, 1000 kg/m3 Cv Venturi coefficient Po Stagnation pressure (Pa) is Static Pressure plus Dynamic Pressure Patm Atmospheric pressure, 101.325 KPa Άh Height difference (m) between readings and Patm g Acceleration, 9.81 m/s2 z Elevation of Point (m) ( ½)à  V2 Dynamic Pressure (Pa) P Static Pressure Flow Analysis Bernoullis Equation relates two points alongside a streamline as P1 + ( ½)à  airV12+ à  airgz1 = P2 + ( ½)à  airV22 + à  airgz2 z is negligible so à  airgz cancels out on both sides leaving P1 + ( ½)à  airV12+ = P2 + ( ½)à  V22 Rearranging: P1 P2 = ( ½)à  air(V22 V12) Note that Qideal = V1A1 = V2A2. Solving for V2 V2 = Subbing (5) into (3) and solving for V1 V1 = Then Qideal = A1 Flow Analysis (Contd) For the derivation of Qactual, sufficient distance from the Venturi inlet is assumed for a fluid particles relative velocity to be taken as zero. The same height (z value) as the Venturi will be taken for the particle. P1 + ( ½)à  airV12+ à  airgz1 = P2 + ( ½)à  airV22 + à  airgz2 z is negligible so à  airgz cancels out on both sides leaving P1 + ( ½)à  airV12+ = P2 + ( ½)à  V22 as stated, the fluid particles velocity at point 0 is assumed to be 0m/s Patm = P2 + ( ½)à  airV22 Solving for V2 V2 = P2 is defined as the static pressure at the inlet, found to be P2 = Patm + à  watergΆh Subbing (9) into (8) V2 = To find Qactual Qactual = V2A2. Sub (11) into (12) where A2 is the cross sectional area Qactual = A2 Flow Analysis (Contd) With values for Qactual and Qideal, Cv can then be calculated with the relation Cv = For ideal static pressures combine (8) having solved for P2 and (4) having solved for V2 P2 = Patm ( ½)à  airV22 P2 = Patm ( ½)à  air Experimental Setup and Procedure The experiment was carried out per the instructions outlined in the course manual. However due to a problem with the apparatus and a constantly fluctuating Venturi meter, a camera was used to take a photo. Measurements were taken from the scale viewed on said picture. Figure Shows Experimental Setup Results For trial 1: Qideal = 0.01238 Qactual = 0.01153 The Venturi Coefficient, Cv, was calculated by using the values found for Qideal and Qactual and substituting them into equation (14). This value obtained was 0.93. To find the stagnation pressure, P = Patm and V = 0; the total pressure at this point is represented by P0 = Patm + ( ½)à  airV2, however since V = 0 , the stagnation pressure is P0 = Patm. The Static Pressure is Patm = Patm à  watergΆh where the Άh used is the value that corresponds with the throat. Therefore Pthroat = 99.206KPa For Dynamic Pressure, ( ½)à  airVthroat2 = Patm Pthroat = 2.119KPa Results(Contd) For trial 2: Qideal = 0.01238 Qactual = 0.01153 The Venturi Coefficient, Cv, was calculated by using the values found for Qideal and Qactual and substituting them into equation (14). This value obtained was 0.92. To find the stagnation pressure, P = Patm and V = 0; the total pressure at this point is represented by P0 = Patm + ( ½)à  airV2, however since V = 0 , the stagnation pressure is P0 = Patm. The Static Pressure is Patm = Patm à  watergΆh where the Άh used is the value that corresponds with the throat. Therefore Pthroat = 96.871KPa For Dynamic Pressure, ( ½)à  airVthroat2 = Patm Pthroat = 4.454KPa Discussion The two calculated Venturi Coefficients for both trials of differing flow rates were found to have close enough values to assume that said coefficients do not depend on the flow rate but rather on the Venturi meter in use. For ideal calibration methods, an average of values, 0.92 and 0.93 could be taken to compensate for ideal assumptions which have been determined to be inaccurate. This would aid the user to find actual values once ideal ones have been found. Although these values are not 1.0, they are relatively close. However despite this, it can be inferred that the idealistic conditions assumed at the beginning of the experiment are invalid as they do in fact incur a noticeable effect on the results creating an error. These assumptions included a one dimensional steady flow that existed in a frictionless environment; such implies no energy transfers. Dimensions for the outlet and inlet were assumed to be equal however if the graphs are reviewed, there are discrepancies and a certain amount of irregularities. These further outline the existence of friction and energy loss which can be observed through the comparison of tables 1 and 2 in the appendix where the values of experimental and ideal static pressures are defined. There was however another source of error that was introduced due to the faulty apparatus as was discussed in the Experimental Setup and Procedure section. Measurements were taken from a photograph to facilitate taking down said measurements from a fluctuating Venturi meter. Bernoullis equation states that when a fluid in flow undergoes a rise in pressure, then its velocity must decrease. Said concept also applies the other way around. Figure 1 in the appendix illustrates this through a rough sketch. Conclusion Venturi coefficients such as the ones calculated in this experiment, 0.92 and 0.93 imply that the actual flow is lower than the ideal flow. Therefore the ideal conditions that were applied only give an approximation to the actual flows. The coefficients can be averaged for a more accurate way to calibrate the Venturi meter. The values found imply that the Venturi meter relates the actual and ideal values relatively well; however this may be due to the fluctuating meters. Also very likely, is the presence of a relatively low amount of friction and symmetrical dimensions in the Venturi meter. References University, Carleton, ed. MAAE 2300 Course Manual. Ottawa, 2011. Print.
Sunday, October 13, 2019
In Vitro :: essays research papers
In Vitro Fertilization      In vitro fertilization is a technique used to fertilize an egg outside of the woman’s body, usually done because of the failure of conception with normal sexual intercourse. For pregnancy to occur, a sperm must unite with an egg released from the ovary during sexual intercourse. Normally this joining, called fertilization, happens within the fallopian tube, which joins the ovary to the uterus. However, in some situations natural conception cannot occur because of factors affecting the couples’ fertility. In Vitro fertilization permits for the amalgamation of the male sperm cell and the female egg to happen in a laboratory instead of taking place in the fallopian tubes where this process would ordinarily happen. When looking at in vitro it seems to be a blessing to couples that cannot have children on their own. It seems to be a way for science to triumph over nature. But in that description lays the controversy. To some this procedure is a life givin g miracle that provides an opportunity for couples, who are by any other means unable to conceive a child, a second chance at bringing life into this world. While others would argue the ethical point claiming that this process is just a cover for infanticide and causing humans to play God. The moral question that arises from this procedure is: in allowing or assisting sperm to penetrate an egg when without help it would have otherwise not been able to do so, are we unnaturally, by human machination, over-riding one of nature’s barricades to inhibit fertilization? Also, if there is some sort of natural check and a reason that certain sperm fail to reach the egg, could it possible be for good reason that they do not? Is it possible that the sperm is ineffective because it obtains some genetic defect that would cause the child some form of inherited disease or some other deficiency? In other words, maybe there is some sort of natural or God-given rationale for filtering out some sperm. If this is true then we could be risking the possibility of manufacturing deformities and inherited diseases by assisting in the overcoming of a theological barrier.      The process of IVF involves five major steps: the first step being the monitoring of the development of the follicles in the woman’s ovaries. The second is aspiration of the follicle’s contents and identification of the eggs.
Saturday, October 12, 2019
Abraham :: essays research papers
Abraham Abraham, also known as Abram is most commonly known for being the Father of the Jewish people. The majority of the information found on Abraham is located in the Old Testament's Book of Genesis. Other than that, there are no real historical records on the life of Abraham, so the history of his life was passed by word of mouth, and were there after made into biblical stories. There is also the question if Abraham really lived, do to the little information available on his life. Abraham is most famous for making his Covenant with God. Â Â Â Â Â Abraham would have lived somewhere between the years of 2000 and 1500 BC. He was born in the city of Ur. Abraham's real name was Abram. The father of Abram , Terach, had two other sons , Haran and Nachor. While living in the city of Ur , Abram married his half-sister, Sarai who later took on the name of Sarah. The newlyweds later learned that Sarai was sterile. They then traveled north to Charan, accompanied by Abraham's father Terach. While in Charan Terach died. It was in Charan where God made his first of a series of revelations to Abram. God spoke to Abram, and told him that he would promise to bless him and make a great nation of him. Abram willingly decided to follow God to the city of Canaan. Abram not only traveled with his wife on this journey, but he also picked up his nephew, Lot. He lived his life in Canaan as a Nomad. Famine eventually struck the land of Canaan , forcing Abram and his family to move on to Egypt. Â Â Â Â Â In Egypt, Abram was fearful that the Egyptians would kill him and take his wife Sarai if they were to discover that the two were married. Abram attempted to cover this up by telling everyone that he and Sarai were just brother and sister. The Pharaoh demanded that Sarai be brought to his palace, and as result, God sent down plagues which devastated all of Egypt. In a desperate attempt to save his kingdom, Pharaoh decided it would be best to send Abram and Sarai away. Â Â Â Â Â Abram and his family returned to Canaan after the Famine had ended. Both Lot and Abraham had great wealth in Canaan. The two both owned livestock, and large quantities of silver and gold. Eventually Abram and Lot found that the land could no longer provide the resources that the two men required of it. The two went their separate ways, Lot going to the Jordan Plain, and Abram staying
Friday, October 11, 2019
Paraphrasing and Summarizing Essay
Is there a difference between paraphrasing and summarizing? What is it? How do you know when it is most appropriate to use one or the other in an academic paper? In academic writing there are many do not’s to refrain from in writing academically. Two of the do not’s that relates to paraphrasing and summarizing are * Do not copy from other people’s work * Do not simply copy words and phrases from the question paper; try to use your own words at all times by paraphrasing the question. These points explain there is a difference between paraphrasing and summarizing. Paraphrasing is selecting the author or writer works and referencing the ideas that are used. As well as using your own words in a length that will capture the audience attention. Summarizing is related to your ideas and thoughts of what the writer or author discuss. Plotnick (2012),†Paraphrase and summary are indispensable tools in essay writing because they allow you to include other people’s ideas without cluttering up your essay with quotations. They help you take greater control of your essay. Consider relying on either tool when an idea from one of your sources is important to your essay but the wording is not. You should be guided in your choice of which tool to use by considerations of space. But above all, think about how much of the detail from your source is relevant to your argument. If all your reader needs to know is the bare bones, then summarize. Ultimately, be sure not to rely too heavily on either paraphrase or summary. Your ideas are what matter most. Allow yourself the space to develop those ideas. †(para. How do I paraphrase? ).
Thursday, October 10, 2019
Infant Observation Essay
For my assignment, I observed at the daycare program housed inside my church called Gateway To Learning (2930 Rayford Rd., Spring, TX 77386), a Christian childcare provider for ages 6-weeks to fourth grade (after school). There are currently 185 children enrolled in the GTL program, including after-schoolers. GTL employs approximately 50 people, not including substitute teachers. The teacher:student ratios are as follows: ages 6 weeks to 12 months – 4:1, 12 to 18 months – 5:1, 18 to 24 months – 9:1, 2 year olds – 11:1, 3 year olds – 15:1, and four year olds – 18:1. All of the teachers must be CPR certified, First Aid certified, and trained in SIDS, shaken baby syndrome, infant brain development, and child abuse. I was placed in the infant room with babies 6-weeks to one year. The room was set up well. There were eight cribs and/or pack-and-plays aligned around the walls of the room with allowed for easy movement of teachers and crawlers. In t he center of the room was a bright, primary color plat mat that the little ones loved rolling around on. There were also bouncers and jumper play toys for the kids to hop inside and have fun with. In one corner of the room was the changing table, kitchenette for warming milk and mixing baby cereal, and refrigerator for storage. There was ample storage space in the kitchenette and the entrances were blocked with childproof gates. Each child has a cubby to put their diaper bags in as well as extra toys, blankets, etc. I think that the room was just the right size for the amount of children in the class, and I think that it was set up in a user-friendly way so getting around was simple. The infant room was on a schedule, but the babies are tiny and all on their own schedules at home, so it was difficult for the teachers to get all of the children doing the same thing at the same time. For instance, when it was time for lunch, some babies had just fallen asleep. The schedule was fairly straightforward: arrive, breakfast, nap, play, lesson, lunch, nap, play, leave. But like I mentioned, some babies were doing their own thing, napping when they could have been playing or playing when they were supposed to be eating. Upon asking the teachers about the schedule, they all agreed that if everyone is happy, then the schedule comes second. I think I would agree with their opinions. Although the infant room wasn’t strict on scheduling, all of the babies were happy during my observation. None of the children in the infant room were talking much. There was only one baby (11 months) that could make actual words. He could say â€Å"Mama†and â€Å"Dada.†Pretty basic. The other babies were verbal, definitely able to let you know if they were hungry, wet or tired, just not producing identifiable words. At one point during my time, one baby was in a jumper talking with another baby across the room. They were chatting back and forth and laughing with each other. I wish I could have understood what they were saying, because it was so cute. My favorite age in the infant room were 6-9 months because they were so bright-eyed and ready for anything. All of the teachers spoke with cheerful voices and kept their tones light. When they would talk directly to a baby, they wouldn’t use baby-talk and instead focused on using the same words over and over again to teach the baby to remember select words or phrases. For example, when one baby was hungry and started crying, the teacher that fed him kept saying, â€Å"Letâ⠂¬â„¢s get your milk.†I asked if the babies tended to remember the short words or phrases and she responded that half of the time there was success. When it came to diapering, the changing table was sanitized after each diaper change and new wax paper is laid on the cushion before the next baby is changed. Employees must wear gloves when changing diapers and wash their hands after finishing. Every few hours, the toys in the infant room are sanitized. The floor mat is sanitized three times a day, once in the morning, once at lunch, and once in the afternoon. To prevent bad health/hygiene, employees are required to wash their hands before handling personal baby items such as food, clothes, pacifiers, etc. If one child has a runny nose and the teacher uses a tissue, she will then have to wash her hands even though her skin never touched the baby’s runny nose. The teachers in the infant room were constantly washing their hands, just to be safe. When the babies were ready to be fed, the teacher would wash her hands, warm the milk/mix the baby cereal, and either sit in a rocking chair or place the baby in a freshly sanitized high chair to feed them. After the baby was finished, the teacher would wash out the bottles/bowls and sanitize the high chair. Then she would wash her hands again. Each baby was on their own feeding schedule, so running water was a noise I heard constantly throughout the day. When the babies were ready to go to bed, they were placed in a crib designated for them. Each baby was given a blanket provided by the parents during nap time and a pacifier if provided by the parent as well. Some babies slept in 20 minute intervals while others slept for an hour depending on their age. Like I mentioned, it is hard to get all of the babies to sleep at the same time, but I was surprised that the ones who would fall asleep stayed asleep while their classmates fussed when hungry or wet. There were a variety of toys for the babies to play with. From dogs that sang songs to maracas for them to shake, each baby had plenty of options. The favorite toys in the room were the ones where the baby could lay down while playing with them, so mobiles and jumpers were the most popular. There were also electric swings to lay the babies in if they weren’t happy sleeping in their cribs as well as pack-and-plays. When it came to communication between teachers and parents, there were quite a few ways of transferring information. Each baby had a clipboard with their name on it with papers that were sent home with the parents at the end of each day. The slips had time slots when diapers were changed, bottles were drunk, and naps were taken. I liked how easy it was to organize the information and still keep the parents happy. Notes were often sent in diaper bags for specific inquiries like â€Å"Can you please send an extra onesie tomorrow?†and of the sort. Overall I think the communication process is very organized and is easy for everyone. My overall opinion of GTL is very high. I had a great time observing and learning about how my church provides care for kids that don’t always come on Sundays. The atmosphere of GTL was very positive and everyone seemed genuinely happy to be working there. All of the teachers were friendly with the kids, even when they had to punish them or take something away, and did everything with a kind heart. The room was very clean and the babies were all happy (most of the time). I liked how each baby had their own crib and cubby, and how everyone was so personable. There were a lot of people stopping by the door just to say â€Å"hi†to another teacher, and I liked knowing that all of the employees seemed to get along with each other without too many issues. The director was pleasant and inviting, as well as knowledgeable when it came to procedures, trainings, and employing new team members. I really enjoyed my time at GTL and will definitely go back when I need to gather more information for my Pre-School observatio n.
Wednesday, October 9, 2019
HRM- Report - As HR Manager at Kenworth Hotels Essay
HRM- Report - As HR Manager at Kenworth Hotels - Essay Example The increase in expansion of businesses into multinational companies has led to great competition that has necessitated rise in demand for high tech and competitive managers. To become an effective manager, an individual needs to have broad knowledge about international affairs and different global cultures especially of the target market. This report is going to provide guidance on the appropriate selection process, training, remuneration, reward and promotion of manager to work for Kenworth Hotels in Spain. In so doing, the report will guide the audience into understanding various concepts of international labours, ethical practices; integration of businesses into international status. In the process, the report will highlight challenges and solutions for international companies. The report will also inform the executive of Kenworth Hotels about issues to give significant focus and concentration to ensure success of the intended foreign investment. However good, globalization came and has grown in magnitude and scope with particular problems and challenges that requires fixing or addressing for companies or businesses intending to expand internationally to achieve success. Some issues related to globalization tend to be serious to overwhelm the abilities of managers and individual companies to exercise control and regulation (Dewhirst 2012). The most common issues related to globalization or internationalization of companies include cultural incompatibilities, price wars, compliance to rules and regulations governing businesses operations and transfer of knowledge among others. To survive and emerge successful in the process of globalization, businesses need to identify and understand the challenges related to internationalization. International companies need to comply with the labour laws set and established by the governments of the parent and host countries. Usually, international companies especially those involved with
Tuesday, October 8, 2019
What is an Oligopoly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
What is an Oligopoly - Essay Example Oligopoly, (which is Greek for many sellers) demonstrates a very characteristic feature of mutual interdependence 3of each in the model onto other firm's action. Each firm in an oligopoly recognizes that the pricing or output decisions made by one firm will affect the profits of all firms in the industry.4 Because of this mutual interdependence, the firms in an oligopoly market need to act strategically, and it is this existence of strategic behavior or barriers which distinguish the oligopoly model from perfect competition and monopoly.5 The fundamental features are that sellers are price-makers and the demand curve of every firm is slightly slopping down. As the figure below aptly demonstrates, the demand curve in an oligopoly will be a "Kinked" demand curve which may be similar to the traditional demand curves in the Perfect competition, as they are downward-sloping but it will have a kink or a bend. 6 Before I discuss the barriers utilized by a monopoly it would be useful to show how the factor of interdependence manifests itself as a game theory which can be well illustrated as the prisoner's dilemma as apparent from the diagram below. The above diagram (taken from the internet) shows the classic example of the Game theory being played out between two firms in an oligopoly. These two firms are aware of their price levels and cautious in an increase or decrease in the prices which can break out into a price war/or cause cut-throat pricing which will ultimately cause losses to all the firms in the oligopoly. Economic theory dictates that these firms will inevitably return to the original position in case of such a price war. Barriers in Oligopolies The Game theory as apparent from the diagram above shows some interesting incites into strategic barriers and their dilemmas and this theory became popular in the decade of the 1970s where there was a substantial shift to firm behavior with regards to firm behavior. Barriers in a monopoly can be natural or strategic. They are aimed at keeping competing firms away 7. Market entry is very difficult in oligopolies. Oligopolies operate on a large scale and therefore have high sunk costs( which are industrial expenses that cannot be recovered once a firm has started a business). This means that if large amounts of capital are used to enter an industry which depreciates in value rather quickly there will be a barrier to entry for new aspiring firms. Secondly, if the firm has problems in establishing the reputation of its product through high scale advertising and discount schemes it will be too expensive for other firms to enter the market and actually attain the same level of excellence without incurring large amounts of initial losses. An example of this is the telecoms industry where the various cell phone carriers have established oligopolies in their price and service mechanisms.
Monday, October 7, 2019
Financial management and risk analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
Financial management and risk analysis - Essay Example The new assembly cell requires three cell programmer/operators recruited at a salary of  £20,000 per year each. The cell robots are expected to last for 5 years, after which they can be sold off for an estimated price of  £1,000 each. The company’s cost of capital is currently 10%. This is a two-option financial investment appraisal case which compares the cost of operating an existing sub-assembly line with the cost of a new automated assembly cell. Both options incur costs we could compare to find out which option results in lower expenses over the next five years. Any savings will increase profits, which we can then transform into additional value that would benefit our shareholders. We utilised common investment criteria to analyse this project, and considered other factors that may affect its financial viability. We included our suggested solutions and potential effects on the final decision through a sensitivity analysis, which takes into account: 1. The cost of replacing our eight fitters and with three skilled operators. We included the effect of granting separation pay to each displaced operator and made a recommendation on how much we could afford to pay. The key insight to our problem is to match the cash flows for both options. Option 1 is our existing sub-assembly line, whilst Option 2 would be our proposed investment in new automated machines. Each option has a cash outflow over the next five years. Whilst Option 1 would not require a large cash outflow now, it has the same level of cash flows we are currently spending to maintain the line. In contrast, Option 2 demands a large cash outflow now, but this would result in lower cash flows over the next five years. We compared both cash flow forecasts and arrived at a net cash flow, which is the amount of working capital we would save from the lower cash requirements of Option 2. A basic assumption is that the sub-assembly line’s productivity would be constant, and that
Sunday, October 6, 2019
Theoretical Foundation in instructional technology Research Paper
Theoretical Foundation in instructional technology - Research Paper Example This suggests technology materials are of the essence in order to instructional technology method a feasible project. Alternatively, the design and processes should not make it hard for facilitators to dispense knowledge to their students because it leads to wastage of both time and resources. In other words, the technology should have efficiency during use without incurring extra costs during learning. There are different ways in which the quote by James Gee & Elizabeth Hayes applies to the context constructivism learning theory, behaviorism learning theory and inquiry learning theory. Therefore, in constructivism learning theory in adult online learners, they use different methodologies to meet its goals. For example, adult learners are expected to interact more with their environment in order to acquire knowledge on different aspects of online learning. This is because the methodology improves on both critical and analytical skills of the student. In the same aspect, in the constr uctivism learning theory, there is an application of computer games instead of the conventional materials in traditional education (Wagner & Ip, 2008). However, the utilization of such technology requires competent teachers who are can impart knowledge to both adult and young learners. Another fundamental prospect of integrating the theory into online learning is the ability to attain, high realistic enactment, which is made live by computers. On the other hand, there is the John B Watson/ Behaviorism learning theory whereby behavior has an attachment to an external influence such as an environment. This may be through association or some of form of reinforcement. Therefore, in terms of online learning, adult learners may not adjust effectively to computer based education. There are several reasons to explain the scenario in the context of both comprehension and retention. For instance, adult learners were formally used to the traditional mode of education hence the transition to on line learning may prove hard (Chow, et al 2010). They also lack a consistent will to adapt to a new environment that has its influence from an association from other students. This suggests that while adults may have the inner desire to use the online platforms, the conventional background prevents them from faster adaptation. Additionally, adult learners also have special needs and requirements that may prove hard for most incompetent teachers without proper training. It is noteworthy, therefore, to introduce other learning methods in the form of stimulating activities and environments to spur the learners to critical and analytical thinking. These also entail exercises, computer games and simulations in order to trigger the interest of the student in educational matters. Furthermore, through the behaviorism learning theory, teachers will help students in the transfer of knowledge in order to boost retention. Apart from the above theories, there is also the inquiry learning theory founded by Jerome Bruner in 1961. Therefore, here the student uses the available materials to develop analytical and experimental skills instead of the knowledge possessed from school. On that perspective, when learners use online methods they are expected to use their external and internal environments to integrate knowledge. Alternatively, to make such form of knowledge acquisition applicable for students, it is
Saturday, October 5, 2019
Culture Identity Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Culture Identity - Research Proposal Example Ethnocentricity argues that the representation of an indigenous culture by outsiders must be done with a view to portray them as they would see themselves as. Thus, the concept applied to the Inuit is that the portrayal by outsiders should be analyzed from the frame of reference that of trying to understand their views about themselves. This does not mean that any outsider’s view of the Inuit is necessarily derogatory or biased. It just means that the views presented in the article must be balanced with the perspective of this concept. As such, the terms of reference for this paper reflect the concept very much and the attempt is to find out if the articles do so. Though the title of the article may sound patronizing and condescending, it nonetheless is a good representation of the way in which the article has been developed. My opinion on this is that the article should not be judged by the title alone and the contents of the same should be scanned for a deeper reading of the article. The article goes to great lengths to delve into the eating habits of the Inuit and makes a point that the way in which they have developed their eating habits is a function of the climatic conditions that they have been used to. Thus, the use of fatty foods is not because they do not want to stay healthy or fit, but the living conditions make them eat the fatty foods in order to survive in the extremely cold conditions. Of course, the living habits of the Eskimos are detailed to a great extent to indicate the fact that their lifestyle may not be healthy and hence they need the kind of foods that they take. The tone of the article is a bit patronizing, though. My feeling is that we are unable to shake off the tendency to look at ethnic groups in more favorable terms and thus we need to ensure that the same comes through in our representation of the groups. There are umpteen sentences in the article that
Friday, October 4, 2019
Leadership Behavior and Conflict Management in Small Groups Essay Example for Free
Leadership Behavior and Conflict Management in Small Groups Essay Small groups of people with common interests often come together to exchange information, collaborate and cooperate in the pursuit of a shared goal. These members have the time and space to meet and share ideas through interaction and participation. When such groups face tough and insurmountable problems it helps to have a visionary leader to help them cooperate and work together as a team (Forsyth, 2006). The study of small groups helps us to understand basic human behavior and how leaders transform groups and resolve conflicts (Hare, 1965). According to Forsyth, Donelson â€Å"Leadership is the process by which an individual guides others in their pursuits, often by organizing, directing, coordinating, supporting and motivating their efforts†. The process of leadership has evolved basically from the need to be organized. We observe similar qualities in the flock of birds that fly across the sky and among the herd of elephants deep in the jungles. But with humans, leadership processes have become as varied and complex as the many research studies that have been conducted. The leadership process is reciprocal, when it is mutually influences the leader and the follower, transactional when both the leaders and followers work together for common goals, transformational when leaders are able to inspire their followers into doing their best, cooperative when members select their leader voluntarily, adaptive when members are motivated to achieving group goals, task oriented when the leader focuses all the activities of the followers towards the achievement of group goals and relationship oriented when the focus is on the interpersonal relationship between group members. (Forsyth, 2006). While leadership processes are varied, the qualities found in leaders are also equally diverse. Though inborn personality traits are helpful in small group settings like being sociable, outgoing and expressive most leadership traits are acquired (Barrick Mount 1991). Normally leaders tend to be more intelligent than their followers in small groups. But most groups find it difficult to handle leaders with very high intellectual abilities (C. A. Gibb, 1969). On the other hand it is very helpful if a leader is endowed with emotional intelligence and the ability to be flexible to suit the demands of a particular situation (Kenny Zaccaro, 1983). Research studies have also shown that followers place undue importance to leaders who speak a lot more than necessary, as compared to leaders who are men of few words (Sorrentino Boutillier, 1975). The intriguing phenomenon of effective leadership has given rise to varying theories. Each of them has their related leadership training program as well. According to Fiedler’s Contingency Theory, a leader’s effectiveness depends on the way he relates to hi followers and in his ability to control situations. Here he specified three factors that influenced the leader’s control; the cohesiveness of the group, the concentration of power in the hands of the leader and whether group goals were structured or not. Using the Least Preferred Worker Scale (LPC), he rated people who were relationship oriented high and those who were task oriented low on the LPC score. The Octants based on this show that the task oriented leaders are effective when situations are highly favorable and unfavorable and relationship oriented leaders are effective in moderate situations (Forsyth, 2006). Fiedler has taken into consideration the good and the bad leader-member relations, the structured and unstructured goals. But groups goals are sometimes partly structured, leaders have average power and there exists fair leader- member relations. This middle range seems more possible and plausible while considering small group situations. In Robert Blake and Jane Mouton’s The Leadership Grid the focus, is again on task and relationship orientation, and they have come up with five different styles of leadership. In the ‘apathetic’ approach the leader has no interest in either achieving goals or improving group relations. The ‘country club’ approach as the name suggests adopts a friendly working atmosphere. While the ‘middle road approach’ has a leader who balances the work done and maintains the morale of the people; the ‘task master’ gets the work done and is less concerned about the feelings of the group members. The ‘team work approach’, is considered the best as its members are committed to their goal and share a feeling of mutual trust and respect (Forsyth, 2006). The style of the leadership depends on the maturity of the group members according to the Situational Leadership Theory given by Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard. They emphasize that an effective leader should display four styles of leadership. An effective leader should ‘direct’ the group members when they are inexperienced, ‘coach’ them as their competence level increases, offer ‘support’ when they are moderately mature and ‘delegate’ tasks when they are committed (Forsyth, 2006). Though this approach doesn’t talk about task and relationship orientation it is feasible in small groups. The Leader Member Exchange (LMX) approach is based on how members respond to their leaders. If they value their leader there is a heightened level of efficiency, commitment and loyalty and they become a part of the privileged inner group. The others who do not respond positively form the outer group and continue to do their work. The key to the leader’s effectiveness depends on his capacity to bring all his followers within the inner group (Forsyth, 2006). The Lewin-Lippitt-White study focused on the control the leader had over his group and their level of participation. Under laboratory conditions they studied the effect of shared and unshared power in the context of small groups. Groups with an authoritarian leader reflected greater dependence and showed signs of more conflict, whereas under a democratic leader group members learnt to be more self reliant. The laissez-faire group was added later with a leader who rarely interfered and followers who learnt to make their own decisions. This group wasn’t as cohesive as the democratic style that emerged the best. The group with a democratic leader had the highest group oriented suggestions, more friendly behavior and less critical discontent (Forsyth, 2006). Since power was shared participants felt empowered to make meaningful decisions towards the achievement of a shared goal. This study in fact supports the concept of collective leadership as well. Craig L Pearce Jay Conger (2003) studied the effectiveness of ‘shared leadership’ when the group was removed from a traditional organizational approach. They found that groups with collective leadership outperformed the leader oriented groups. They were also the most effective in small group situations. Bernard Bass (1997) presented the Theory of Transformational Leadership based on the charisma of the leader to transform his followers. Under the influence of an inspirational leader, group members unite to show increased efficiency in pursuing collective goals. A transformational leader tends to questions old beliefs and leads his followers along paths that are not chartered, setting new trends (Forsyth, 2006). With more emphasis placed on interpersonal relations these leaders are effective in both small and large groups. Being eloquent, a charismatic leader initiates dialogues on issues where differences of opinion arise. Such open minded brain storming sessions would bring about several solutions and the group might end up accepting a hybrid goal where the best ideas have been incorporated. This builds cohesiveness and improves cooperation within the group (Potter, 1996). The charismatic leaders have a reputation of integrity and their followers show a tendency to emulate them. (Eagly, Johannesen- Schmidt Van Engen, 2003). But charismatic leaders are rare and even these exceptional leaders can get things wrong. Something that seems morally and ethically right for one person may not be so for another. Keeley, 1998). Another question that has fascinated researchers is whether men and women show different leadership behavior and do gender differences influence the process of leadership. Though historical evidence supports the fact that women have been underrepresented in leadership roles, research studies show that gender does not influence the effectiveness of a leader with both sexes displaying a balanced task and relationship orientation (Forsyth, 2006). Both men and women who hold similar positional and resource power show similarities in leadership behavior (Kanter, 1997). Women leaders show a tendency to be more agreeable, open, fair, responsible and increasingly involved in conflict management, whereas men are inclined towards power, influence and skill orientation (Forsyth, Schenker, Leary McCown, 1985). Thus the sexes differ in the styles of leadership with women adopting transformational and participative approaches, while men are likely to exhibit authoritarian, laissez-faire and transactional styles (Eagly, Johannesen-Schmidt Van Engen, 2003). Conflict management is a major challenge faced by leaders across the world. Conflict is a natural occurrence in competitive group situations. A disagreement over beliefs and actions can lead to a conflict if it is resisted. Through an interaction process analysis Robert Blake and his colleagues observed that group members spent one fifth of their time in making hostile comments. When task achievement became difficult, hostility increased and escalated into a conflict (Forsyth, 2006). The best method to manage conflict would be to have an open debate on the issue (Montana Charnov, 2000), instead of ignoring or brushing aside conflicts, an effective leader should confront it head on (Davies, Burke, Calbom Kindler, 1991). The current trend shows that leaders and followers are expected to be in contact 24/7 (Murphy Riggio). It has in turn given rise to virtual offices, having virtual teams working out of their homes in different parts of the globe. . This increased dependence in information technology has given way to e-leadership (Avolio, Kahai Dodge, 2000). In the future new leadership trends will be reinvented as business environments keep changing. Traditional power oriented organizations will give way to power sharing ones. Organizations will get decentralized, along with a cooperative use of resources (Forsyth, 2006). Competency then will depend on the leader’s vision of the future, intellectual capacity, strategic thinking, emotional strength and the ability to coordinate and develop human capital (Rivard, 2004). Together with team building and leadership, conflict resolution as a skill will have to be acquired by people interacting in small groups (Gregory Parry, 2006). It will help them to lead the world that’s growing flatter.
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