Essential Concepts About Commercial Banks And The...

In current intensely competitive economic market, banking plays an extremely significant role because it not only enhances economic development, but also provides valuable services to the whole country (Cv, 2015). Banks accept deposits from savers and lend these deposits to those who need them by generating financial products such as mortgages and loans. Based on Boatright’s perspective, even though banks are different in size and nature owing to both historical and geographical factors, they can be broadly defined as financial institutions that perform as a bridge connecting savers and borrowers throughout providing valuable financial products and services (Boatright, 2010). The object of this paper is to briefly explain some essential concepts about commercial banks and the corresponding ethical issues derived from these concepts. There are various types of banks depending on the area they specialize in, including central banks, commercial banks, investing banks, and retail banks and so on (Boatright, 2010). This paper focuses on commercial banks, which deal with a variety of business activities and maintain the core of being financial intermediation (Boatright, 2010). As a financial intermediation, banks generate profits for all savers, borrowers and themselves by applying interest rate on both deposits and loans. To have enough money for lending, banks pay savers interest to encourage them to deposit money into their account. Correspondingly, they alsoShow MoreRelatedAccounting Information System3639 Words   |  15 Pagesexpansion of business, Rebecca found some issues with management and control. She change the management model to solve the current predicament, however, it cannot treat inherent issues. At the same tome, competition is a common finding in business. 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INTRODUCTION: The apex body in United States of America for the Marketing functions, American Marketing Association (AMA) defines marketing as â€Å"Marketing consists of those activities involved in the flow of goods and services from the point of production to the pointRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pages A Note on the Translation by Bertrand Augst When Film Language was translated, nearly twenty years ago, very few texts about semiotics and especially film semiotics were available in English. Michael Taylor s translation represents a serious effort to make Metz s complicated prose, filled with specialized vocabularies, accessible to a public unfamiliar with the concepts and terms of semiotics. Excepting the inadequate translation of a few words which either cannot be translated into English

The Harsh Truth Of Animal Testing - 912 Words

The Harsh Truth of Animal Testing Throughout history, beginning as early as 500 BC, animals have been used to test out products that will later be utilized by humans (â€Å"Animal Testing† 4), what isn’t publicly discussed about is the way it will leave the animals after the process is done. Many innocent rabbits, monkeys, mice, and even popular pets such as dogs are harmed during the testing application of cosmetics, medicine, perfumes, and many other consumer products (Donaldson 2). Nevertheless, there are many people whom support the scandal because it is a legal requirement to carry out animal testing to ensure they are safe and effective† for human benefit (Drayson). The overall question here is should it even be an authorized form of experimentation in the United States, or anywhere else? The fact of the matter is that there are alternatives to remove animals out of the equation for good (â€Å"Alternatives to Animal Testing† 1). They are cheaper, and less invasive than the maltreatment of the 26 million innocent animals that are subjected to the heartlessness of testing each year (â€Å"Animal Testing† 4). With all things considered, animal testing should be looked upon as animal cruelty due to the harsh effects from the many products tested on the innocent. One of the largest controversies involving the testing on animals is the harm that is inflicted on them. Prove lies in the many leaked photographs showing the horrific pain that has been forced onto beings that cannot speakShow MoreRelatedAnimal Testing Should Be Banned848 Words   |  4 Pageswe have failed to notice, it’s everywhere. The animal testing footprint. Aeroguard, Chapstick, Michael Kors, Palmolive and Dettol: these common household brands all have the dark footprints of animal experimentation embedded into it. Each year over 6.5 million animals are brutally tested, killed or harmed in Australia and New Zealand, for many brands across the nation. 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Country Report on Road Safety Initiatives in Malaysia Free Essays

Country Report on Road Safety Initiatives in MALAYSIA Datuk Suret Singh Director General Road Safety Department Malaysia Basic Information Country : Malaysia ? ? ? ? ? Population: 26. 4 Million in 2006 Square Kilometer: 392876km2 Road Length: 72,400 km No of Registered Vehicles: 15,790,732 Vehicle Kilometer Travelled/year: 337. 8 Billion VKT Malaysia Definition and Data System Definition: ? Fatality: Deaths within 30 days ? Serious: All Required Hospitalization ? Slight Injury: Out Patient or Self Treatment Data System: ? Police Data Form : Standard POL27 Accident Form Database/System: Computerized MAAP System Annual Accident Report availability: Yes ? Hospital Data Injury classification used: AIS retrieval System: Many System used, in process of Standardization Malaysia Safety Target and Management National Safety Target? : ? 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Country Report on Road Safety Initiatives in Malaysia or any similar topic only for you Order Now 0 Deaths/10,000 vehicles by 2010 ? 10 Deaths100,000 population 2020 ? 10 Deaths per Billion VKT by 2020 National Safety Plan? : ? Availability: Yes, National Road Safety Plan 2006-2010 ? strategies : 9 Strategies ? Programs: 52 Programs Availability of Institutional Set-up ? ? ? ? Road Safety Department (2005) MIROS (2007) National Road Safety Council (50 years ago) Annual Budget Allocated for Road Safety Programs Malaysia Road Safety Facts (1996-2006) Year Registered Vehicles Road Length (Km) Number of accidents Death 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 7,686,684 8,550,469 9,141,357 9,929,951 10,589,804 11,302,545 12,068,144 12,868,934 13,801,297 14,816,407 15,790,732 60,734 63,382 63,382 64,981 64,981 64,981 64,981 71,814 71,814 72,400 72,400 189,109 215,632 211,037 223,166 250,417 265,175 279,237 298,651 326,815 328,268 341,252 6,304 6,302 5,740 5,794 6,035 5,849 5,887 6,282 6,228 6,200 6,287 Fatality Index Per 10,000 Vehicles 8. 20 7. 37 6. 28 5. 83 5. 70 5. 17 4. 88 4. 88 4. 51 4. 18 3. 98 Per 100,000 Population 29. 8 29. 1 25. 3 25. 5 26. 0 25. 1 25. 3 25. 1 24. 3 23. 7 23. 6 Per Billion VKT 40. 4 36. 3 30. 9 28. 7 28. 0 25. 5 24. 0 24. 0 22. 2 20. 6 Malaysia 19. 6 Key Issues and Challenges Key Problems Identified ? Target Groups: Motorcyclists (53%) Car Occupants (22%) Pedestrians (10%) ? Target Issues: Head Injuries among motorcyclists Un segregated VRUs Malaysia Fatality by Casualty Class Malaysia Strategic Programs and Projects Program Potential % Intervention Coverage Reduction 2007 2008 2009 2010 AES Speed Cameras Redlight Cameras Lane Displine Helmet Program Rear Seat Belts Airbags Driver Training RSE and CBP Mcycle Lanes Blackspots Others 20 20 0 30 20 10 10 10 10 10 10 60 60 20 65 40 20 30 20 20 20 20 100 90 60 100 60 40 50 50 30 30 30 100 90 80 100 80 60 60 80 40 40 40 % 30 40 20 50 30 30 10 20 80 30 20 No of Deaths Expected No. f Fatality Reduction Involved/yr 2007 2008 2009 2010 1400 150 450 1500 350 400 300 400 500 500 350 84 12 0 225 21 12 3 8 40 15 7 427 3. 45 252 36 18 488 42 24 9 16 80 30 14 420 54 54 750 63 48 15 40 120 45 21 420 54 72 750 84 72 18 64 160 60 28 6300 Deaths/10,000 Vehicles 1009 1630 1782 2. 94 2. 45 2. 21 Malaysia MIROS0 7 One Most Successful Road Safety Intervention Name: Exclusive Motorcycle Lane Program Problem Statement: Rear-End and Side Swipe along High Speed Links Double Low Speed Links Issues Identified: Un-segregated leading to Conflicts among Fast, Un Compatible VRUs and Larger Vehicles Rationale for Intervention: Segregation reduce Conflicts, Risk and Exposures Detailed Intervention Programs: 3m Exclusive Lane fully segregated Impact of Intervention: 39% less Accidents, 83% Less Fatalities, BCR=5 Malaysia How to cite Country Report on Road Safety Initiatives in Malaysia, Papers

Accounting and Finance Theory and Practice

Question: Discuss about the Accounting and Finance for Theory and Practice. Answer: Introduction The review and analysis of the financial statements is important for organizations to disseminate the financial information to investors and creditors. The financial information obtained from the financial statements forms the basis for evaluating the performance of an organization. Business organizations publish the financial statements in the annual report for communicating the important financial information to concern outside parties.Creditors and investors rely on the financial information communicated by a company for safety and profitability of their investments. The financial statements provide detailed information about the assets investments and outstanding debts to the stakeholders. The companys managers can also easily decide the capital structure by maintaining an adequate balance between equity and debt. The analyses of the financial statements prove as a critical tool for the companys managers to evaluate past and present performance. It also assesses the uncertainty o f the future cash flows and therefore supports the decision-making process of the organization. In this context, the present report aims to review and examine the financial position of Graincorp for evaluating its financial performance. Graincorp is an Australian based company that is recognized as a leader in food ingredients and agribusiness. The companys activities are based on three main core grains, that is, wheat, barley and canola. The company has a comparative advantage in originations of these grains in terms of technical expertise and freight differentials. The company operates its business functions in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, North America, and Europe besides Australia. It has four reporting segments that are, Storage Logistics, Marketing, Malt and Oils. The company conducts its business functions through developing and maintenance of an integrated supply chain to carry out its operational activities efficiently. The company aspired to become an international leader in food ingredients and agribusiness by creating value for all its stakeholders. The company develops a workplace culture that aims at ensuring employees and customer welfare through adoption of best work practices (Annual Report, 20 15). The present report, in this regard, reviews the financial performance of the company for identifying the areas of improvement needed for enhancing its profitability in the future context. Analysis of Financial Statements of Graincorp Company Statement of Financial position Statement of financial position is another term used for balance sheet. This statement shows the value of assets, liabilities and equity of the company at the end of the financial year. All the amount that are presented in the financial statements are adjusted to the balances of items at the beginning of year and any changes made in the current itself. The structure presented in the financial statement is exactly similar to normal accounting equation. So, accounting equation used in the statement of financial position is represented as Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders Equity. Statement of financial position is regarded as one of the important financial statements as it helps the users to evaluate the financial performance of the company in respect to liquidity, debt-equity position, financial performance and business risk (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2011). In this section, important details of financial position of Graincorp Company are evaluated in the terms of performance through comparing the current year figures with last year figures. Every item in balance sheet has its importance and provides certain information that helps the users of financial statement to compare the companys current year performance with the last year performance. Therefore, important items in the balance sheet of Graincorp Company will be evaluated using the balances in the statement and notes to statements. Below are important figures of the balance of Graincorp Company in year 2015 and 2014 and also percent increase or decrease. Statement of Financial Position Graincorp Company (Figures in Million Dollars) Items 2015 2014 Increase of Decrease % Increase or Decrease in year 2015 Total Current Assets $ 1,497.90 $ 1,368.40 $ 129.50 9.46% Total Non-Current Assets $ 2,175.80 $ 1,964.80 $ 211.00 10.74% Total Assets $ 3,673.70 $ 3,333.20 $ 340.50 10.22% Total Current Liabilities $ 871.00 $ 845.30 $ 25.70 3.04% Total Non Current Liabilities $ 980.90 $ 743.40 $ 237.50 31.95% Total Liabilities $ 1,851.90 $ 1,588.70 $ 263.20 16.57% Total Equity $ 1,821.80 $ 1,744.50 $ 77.30 4.43% The above table represents the figures in the balance sheet of Graincorp Company for year 2015 and 2014. The increase and decrease in items of balance in respect of year 2015 has also been represented in the form of percentage. On looking at the table it can be said that in year 2015, Graincorp Company has performed well as all the items in balance have positive increase in amount in year 2015. The value of current assets was increased by 9.46% that shows that liquidity position of the company is good. Looking at the figures of non current assets it can be said that Graincorp has invested quite a good amount in fixed assets in year 2015. There was increase of 10.74% in the value of non current assets in year 2015 as compare to year 2014. In total, there was 10.22 % increase in value of assets that shows Graincorp company has made significant growth in year 2015 (Annual Report, 2015). While talking about liability section it can be seen that there was small increase in value of curren t liabilities whereas value of non current liabilities has increased with greater difference. The value of current liabilities was increased by 3.04 % and value of current assets increased by 9.46 % that reflects company has made significant adjustments to adjust the liquidity position (Mumba, 2013). Value of non current liabilities was increased to 31.95 %, which clearly shows that Graincorp has taken debt from the financial institutions to finance the activities. The increase in equity by 4.43% represents increase in value of equity amount, reserves and retained earnings (Annual Report, 2015). Statement of Change in Equity The statement of stockholders equity is highly important for obtaining information regarding the changes in various equity components including retained earnings. Shareholders equity depicts the net worth of a company by identifying the difference between total assets and total liabilities. Statement of Change in Equity Graincorp Company (Figures in Million Dollars) Items 2015 2014 Increase of Decrease % Increase or Decrease in year 2015 Value of Contributed Equity $ 1,346.00 $ 1,344.80 $ 1.20 0.09% Number of Shares (Equity) 228855628 228855628 $ - 0.00% Total Reserves $ 116.80 $ 40.80 $ 76.00 186.27% Retained Earnings $ 359.00 $ 358.90 $ 0.10 0.03% Value of Total Equity $ 1,821.00 $ 1,744.50 $ 76.50 4.39% The table reflects all major values presented in the statement of changes in equity of Graincorp Company. On looking at the overall changes in the equity value of company it can be said that there was very small change in the values of the equity. Therefore, it implies that company has not issue any equity share in year 2015 to finance expansion as well as purchase of fixed assets. The value contributed equity has increased to 1346 million dollar in year from 1344.80 million in year 2014, showing an increase of 0.09 % (Annual Report, 2015). There was no change in number of equity shares issued in the open market. There was change in number of treasury shares in year 2015 because some of treasury was taken back by the company. There was major change in value of retained earnings (Houston and Brigham, 2009). Value of retained earnings was raised by 186.27 % in year 2015 as it was in year 2014. There was not much change in retained earnings when both year figure was compared (Annual Rep ort, 2015). Statement of Profit and Loss account The profit and loss statements of a company summarizes the revenues, costs and expenses that is incurred during a particular period of time. It proves to be useful for the investors and creditors to develop an understanding of the business processes used by an organization to generate income and manage its costs. Businesses can also easily make predictions regarding the future expenses including rent, salaries, equipment purchases and overhead costs. Profit and loss statement enables an organization to develop future strategies for improving its revenue and reducing the costs. Statement of Profit and Loss Graincorp Company (Figures in Million Dollars) Items 2015 2014 Increase of Decrease % Increase or Decrease in year 2015 Revenue $ 4,064.00 $ 4,169.10 $ (105.10) -2.52% Cost of Goods Sold $ 3,292.70 $ 3,347.00 $ (54.30) -1.62% Totals Expenses before Income Tax Expense $ 4,029.50 $ 4,113.60 $ (84.10) -2.04% Non operating gain or (loss) $ 72.40 $ 16.10 $ 56.30 349.69% Earning per Share $ 0.14 $ 0.22 $ (0.08) -36.36% Income Tax $ 11.50 $ 14.80 $ (3.30) -22.30% Finance Cost (Interest) $ 43.00 $ 45.00 $ (2.00) -4.44% Net Income $ 43.60 $ 65.10 $ (21.50) -33.03% The above table shows major items in that are shown in the statement of profit and loss account of Graincorp Company. On looking at all the figures of the profits and loss account it can be concluded that there was decrease in operating performance of the company in year 2015 as compare to year 2014. The operating revenue of the company was reduced by 2.52% in year 2015 as compare to year 2014 (Annual Report, 2015). Due to this decrease there was decline in net income by 33.03%. In year 2014, Cost of good sold in year 2015 was also decreased by 1.62 % but this decrease is not sufficient to meet the decrease in net revenue. There was also decrease in total expenses in year 2015 by 2.04% due to change in company operating capacity. There was significant decrease in amount of income tax paid by 22.30 % in year due to 33 % decrease in net revenue. Earning per share change from 22 cents in year 2014 to 14 cents in year 2015, reflecting 36.36 percent decrease in income attributable to shar eholders (Buckle, Buckle and Thompson, 2004). There was only 4.44 % decrease in finance cost despite of major downfall in net income. The overall operating position of the company was adversely impacted in year 2015 as compare to year 2014 (Annual Report, 2015). Statement of Cash Flow Cash flow statement of an organization shows its efficiency of generating cash inflows from its daily operational activities. It provides detailed information regarding the method used by an organization for generating cash. Cash flow statement generally provides information on the cash spent by a firm in operating, investing and financing activities. It demonstrates the internal and external sources that an organization uses for generating cash and provides insights to the stakeholders about its cash position. Statement of Cash flow Graincorp Company (Figures in Million Dollars) Items 2015 2014 Increase of Decrease % Increase or Decrease in year 2015 Net cash inflow (outflow) from operating activities $ 271.10 $ 171.10 $ 100.00 58.45% Net cash inflow (outflow) from financing activities $ 89.40 $ (50.10) $ 139.50 278.44% Net cash inflow (outflow) from investing activities $ (213.20) $ (174.80) $ (38.40) 21.97% Net increase (decrease) in cash during the year $ 374.00 $ 206.20 $ 167.80 81.38% Cash inflow from outside borrowings $ 679.80 $ 594.60 $ 85.20 14.33% Dividend Paid $ 28.60 $ 80.10 $ (51.50) -64.29% Cash outflows for purchase of fixed assets $ 223.60 $ 141.20 $ 82.40 58.36% The table is related to major activities reflected in the cash flow statement of the Graincorp Company. The statement of cash flow has been drawn clearly and shows all the important activities. It can be said on the basis of analyses that company was able to generate sufficient cash flow from all the activities. There was increase in cash and cash equivalents by 81.38 % that reflects significant increase in balance of cash is year 2015. Such amount has been used to purchase the fixed assets in year (Annual Report, 2015). Graincorp has purchased 223.60 million dollars of fixed assets and it was 58.36 % more from the fixed assets purchase in year 2014. Net cash inflow from operating activities was 171.10 million dollars in year 2014 and was increased to 271.10 million dollars in year 2015, showing an increase of 58.45 % in year 2015. There was Cash outflow of 50.10 million dollars from financing activities in year 2014 but in year 2015, there was cash inflow of 89.40 million dollars. I t shows company has borrowed major amount from the outside market to finance the purchase of fixed assets (Annual Report, 2015). The cash outflow from investing activity was 174.80 million dollars in year 2014 and was increased to 213.20 million dollars in year 2015, showing a major cash used to purchase the fixed assets in year 2015. In year 2015, Graincorp has paid as dividend of 28.60 million dollars, while in year 2014 company paid the dividend of 80.10 dollars. The overall liquidity and finance position was sound with some issues related to sources of finance. Graincorp uses debt as the major source of finance in year 2015 (Annual Report, 2015). Conclusion The analysis of financial statements of Graincorp shows that overall performance of the company in year 2015 was above standard as compared to year 2014. All the four major financial statements were evaluated in detailed and increase/decrease in values was noted in the table above. The statement of financial statements shows that companys liquidity position was sound and company has enough assets to pay all the current liabilities. Debt and equity position shows a balanced position of the capital in the organization. This shows that company risk position was very good in year 2015 as compared to year 2014 (Annual Report, 2015). There was no change in equity that shows that Graincorp has used outside debt as major source of finance. The analysis of change in profit and loss account shows overall performance of the company in the particular time period. The performance of the Graincorp Company in year 2014 was far better as compare to year 2015. Therefore, company needs to focus on the operational capacity and need invest in profitable activities and make significant decisions on avoiding the losses from activities that generates negative profit. The main aim to make the above was to know the changes in values of different items of the financial statement so that performance of the company can be measured and economic decision can be drawn. Financial statements aim to provide the data on the financial position, changes in equity, performance and cash generated by the enterprise. All these details help the investors to make the opinion on investment decision and act as proper guide to them. Recommendations On the basis of complete review and understanding of subject, following recommendations have been made for Graincorp management. All these reviews are based on the initial findings from the annual reports of year 2015 and 2014 of Graincorp Company. Graincorp need to finance the major capital from the issue of equity shares and make less dependency on debt related source of finance. Graincorp must focus on increase of reserves and retained earnings so that they can be used in case of adverse situation to finance all major activities (Bull, 2007). Graincorp must make fresh issue of equity share to generate owners capital and invest that amount in the expansion of the company business in other part of country. Investment must be made in profitable activities so that there overall revenue can be increased. Management of Graincorp must think about the strategies to reduce the expanses made for cost of good sold. It is advised to the management to reduce the expenses on the advertising and selling through offline retail shops. Management should promote online business in the selling and distribution section so that overall expenses can be reduced. References Annual Report 2015. Graincorp Company Limited. [Online]. Available at: www.graincorp.com.au/_literature_205430/2015_Annual_Report [Accessed on: 18 September, 2016]. Brigham, E. F. and Ehrhardt, M. C. 2011. Financial Management: Theory and Practice. Mason: Cengage Learning. Buckle, M.J., Buckle, M. and Thompson, J. 2004 . The UK Financial System. 4th ed. New York: Manchester University Press. Bull, R. 2007. Financial Ratios: How to use financial ratios to maximise value and success for your business'. UK: Elsevier. Houston, J.F. and Brigham, E.F. 2009. Fundamentals of Financial Management. Cengage Learning. Mumba, C. 2013. Understanding Accounting and Finance: Theory and Practice. USA: Trafford Publishing.

Never Worry about Plagiarism with These 60 Tips on Citation Styles

Regardless of what type of writing assignments your professor gives you in university, you must have knowledge of which citation styles to use. Why? Because if you use material from a particular source, you need to credit that source and provide the citation in the appropriate style. If you don’t give proper credit where it is due, you will be plagiarizing a source, and that can come with serious consequences. How many citation styles are there? There are many citation styles. These include APA citation style, MLA citation style, IEEE citation style, Turabian citation style, Vancouver citation style, ACS citation style, Harvard citation style, Chicago citation, and Oxford citation style. You must be aware of each of these. But first: It is critical that you understand some general information on citation styles and how to avoid plagiarism when writing.  And Custom-writing.org is here to help you! General tips When conducting online research for your writing assignment, you need to know what citation style you need to use. It is also critical that you understand how to avoid plagiarism. The following tips will help: Narrow down your topic: You must have a very clear idea of what you will be writing. This will guide your research and help you come up with original ideas and thoughts on the subject. Keep track of sources: It is crucial that you keep track of everything you read. You should record the full URL of every page you use and document everything you read. Record any details required by the citation style you will be using. Take notes: You need to summarize the relevant information you find from all sources you use. You can also record your thoughts on the subject matter (take care to always express them in your own words and never to use words from the original text). Mark fragments of the text: Any fragments of text you are considering citing in your paper should be clearly marked with citation marks, even if it is a single word. If you find fragments from the original source that you think you might use, you should also mark in a unique way (such as by using a different color or italics) and summarize so you will know it requires a citation should you decide to use it. Group URLs: Group the URLs and notes you are making use of in a manner that is meaningful, based on the type of information they contain. To aid you with this task, you can use special software, such as a citation manager, or you can use separate files and folders on your computer. Analyze: The key to avoiding plagiarism is to come up with original thoughts when it comes to the topic of your assignment, and you can do this only if you first analyze the materials found via research. Extract ideas from the text you read, think about them and identify their components and implications. Synthesize: This consists of connecting the various ideas you identified during your analysis and finding new relationships among them. It helps to add to your notes any new thoughts and to regroup your notes according to the new relationships.

Disadvantages of Information Technology Essay Example

Disadvantages of Information Technology Essay Example Disadvantages of Information Technology Essay Disadvantages of Information Technology Essay Keep in mind that Isonaizd(INH) is the established treatment for preventive therapy , and the usual regimen is up to 300mg daily for adults. You can keep pts on for 6 months or 12 months with a positive CXR. Always give vitB6 when treating pts with INH. If there is a suspected resistance then use Rifampin (RIF) alone or in combo with the said INH. How do we treat current CLASSES III IV diseases. The first line medications are used in combinations since these tend to delay the development of resistance and to enhance activity. INH(p. o. or IM) 300mg. nhibits synthesis of mycolic acid in the bacterial cell wall thus making it easy to kill the organism in the dividing stage. The drug is however, bacteriostatic for the bacilli in the stationary phase. The drug is metabolized by N-acetyl transferase. Some of side effects include paresthesia, fever, convulsions, hepatotoxic, optic neuritis and Hemolysis in G6PD deficient pts. High level resistance involves deletion in the katG gene that c odes for catalase, and low-level resistance involves deletions in the inhA gene that codes for the target acyl carrier protein. Keep in mind that genotypic variability exists with FAST ACETYLATORS needing high doses of INH. Remember for the boards that Vit B6 will offset the neurotoxicity. RIFAMPIN(RIF) GOOD against Mycobacterium tuberculosis very bacteriocidal against it. Also against M. leprae. Can be used prophylactically in meningitis. The drug suppress the initial step of RNA synthesis by inhibiting DNA dependent RNA polymerase, and resistance occurs via change in polymerase sensitivity to inhibition. The drug undergoes hepatic metabolism to red-orange colored metabolites. So let the patient know that the urine and feces will be red-orange in color. Nausea ,vomiting, rashes, fever, jaundice and flu like symptoms with high doses. This drug will reduce the efficacy of anticonvulsants,contraceptive steroids and warfarin so take note for your boards and clinical treatment. PYRAZINAMIDE(PZA): Good for short term use and initial therapy with INH and RIF. The precise target of this drug is not well understood. Works well when bacteria is dividing very bacteriocidal at that point. The drug requires bioactivation. Can cause gouty attacks, liver dysfunction, phototoxicity, hyperuricemia, exacerabation of porphryia, polyarthralgia. ETHAMBUTOL(EMB): Great against M. tuberculosis and kansasii. The drug inhibits synthesis of arabinogalactan a component of mycobacterial cell wall. The side effects are dose dependent, and most common are optic neuritis,and gout. So we have looked at the first line drugs for treating TB, but keep in mind that daily intake of Alcohol increases the risk of hepatitis in patients on INH. In females on oral contraceptives increase the dosages or change to another form of contraceptive. RIF will also decrease methadone activity in pts on it so increase the methadone dosage by 50% . In treating pregnant patients the initial combination should be INH, RIF and EMB along with B6. Do not use PZA it is TERATOGENIC, do not use STREPTOMYCIN also will cause deafness. In fact let me mention some antibiotics to be AVOIDED IN PREGNANCY. : Aminoglycosides – ototoxic in developing fetus, Clarithromycin-embryotoxic Erythromycin estolate- increases incidence of cholestasis in the pregnant patient. Fluoroquinolones- deleterious effect on collagen metabolism Tetracyclines- interfere with bone and tooth formation via calcium chelation Sulfonamides- not to be used in third trimester can displace bilirubin from plasma proteins in the fetus and neonate causing KERNICTERUS. Metronidazole – mutagenic. OK let me get back to TB treatment. The second line drugs are Aminosalicylic acid, Ethionamide, Cycloserene, Streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, Oflofloxacin, Kanamycin or Capreomycin Amniosalicyclic acid: This is a bacteriostatic drug used in the treatment of TB and has good distribution but is not seen in the CSF. It is a competitive inhibitor of PABA in folate synthesis, and is eliminated in the urine. So do not use in patients with renal failure. However, the drug has been associated with causing HYPOTHYROIDISM, acute hemolytic anemia and GI distress. If used with ethionamide can become hepatotoxic. P. O. Ethionamide – This is a structural analog of INH and inhibits acetylation of INH. The drug is seen IN CSF However, the mechanism of action is not quite clear but it is known to cause peripheral neuropathies, GI distress, optic neuritis and is hepatototoxic. The drug is excreted in the urine and has a metallic taste. P. O. Cycloserine This tuberculostatic and its mechanism of action is unknown you never use it alone. Do not use it in pts with epilepsy since it will exacerbate the condition. The main side effect is peripheral neuropathies , Headaches, psychosis,depression so you can appreciate its CNS effects . nd it is excreted in the urine. P. O. Streptomycin – This was actually the first antibiotic that was used effectively to treat TB given IM but cause hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, auditory and renal toxicity. You can now understand why it is no longer a first line drug due to the side effects. Ciprofloxacin – P. O. I have already discussed this . Oflofloxacin – P. O. similar in action to Ciprofloxacin Kanamycin )IV, IM, Both of these drugs are useful but their side effects include auditory, vestibular Capreomycin)IV, IM, and renal toxicity. Hypokalema and eosinophilia. Let us now shift to the attention to antibiotics that inhibit bacterial wall synthesis. These agents that attack the bacterial cell wall in order to be maximally effective require actively proliferating organisms because they have little effect on organisms that are not growing. The B-Lactams are the most important for this activity and these are the PENICILLINS. Their mechanism of action is to interfere with the LAST STEP OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN SYNTHESIS .. The antibiotics will bind to and inactivate proteins present on the bacterial cell membrane. Thus morphological changes or lysis of susceptible bacteria will occur. There is also inhibition of the transpeptidase step, thus hindering the formation of the crosslinks essential for cell wall integrity. So cell wall synthesis is blocked. What will accumulate in the bacteria are the â€Å"PARK PEPTIDE† (UDP-acetylmuramyl-L-Ala-D-Gln-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala) . The natural Penicillins are G and V. Pen G is used in infections caused by Gm + and Gm – cocci, Gm + bacilli and spirochetes. This is less acid stable and is given IV or IM. Great for syphilis, gonorrhea and Pneumococcal pneumonia. Pen V is similar to Pen G but is given P. O. and is more acid stable than Pen G. Never use Pen V to treat septicemia. Keep in mind that B-lactamase bacteria are resistant to the the drug. Oh let me mention this in passing one of the ways to prevent GONOCOCCAL OPHTHALMIA in newborns where the mother has gonorrhea is by the use of SILVER NITRATE DROPS in the eyes. ANTISTAPHYLOCOCCAL PENICILLINS- Methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, dicloxacillin these are penicillinase resistant penicillins. Their use is usually restricted in treating infections caused by penicillinase-producing staphylococci. Keep in mind that METHICILLIN RESISTANT STRAINS are usually susceptible to Vancomycin, rifampin, ciprofloxacin, or imipenem/cilastatin. EXTENDED SPECTRUM PENICILLINS:- Ampicillin and Amoxicillin. These are less potent than Pen G against Gm+ and Gm- cocci. However, ampicillin is the drug of choice against Gm+ Bacillus. We are now beginning to see resistance to these antibiotics so you can add a beta-lactamase inhibitor such as CLAVULANIC ACID or SULBACTAM so as to protect the penicillins from enzymatic action. ANTIPSEUDOMONAL PENICILLINS: Carbenicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin are useful in pseudomonal infections, and of the three piperacillin is the most potent. Combining ticarcillin with clavulanic acid will give you a broader spectrum so you get more bang for your buck. PENICILLINS AND AMINOGLYCOSIDES: The antibacterial effects of B-lactam antibiotics are synergistic with the aminoglycosides but NEVER! NEVER! Place both of them in the same INFUSION FLUID because the positively charged aminoglycosides will form an INACTIVE COMPLEX with the negatively charged penicillins. Some basic rules of administration: Methicillin, ticarcilloin, carbenicillin, meziocillin,piperacillin, azocillin and ampicillin plus sulbactam must be given IV or IM. You can get Pen V or Amoxicillin combined with Clavulanic acid P. O. There is a REPOSITORY or DEPOT form of penicillin and this is PROCAINE PENICILLIN G and BENZATHTHINE PENICILLIN G they are given IM and are slowly absorbed into the circulation. As a rule most of the penicillins are incompletely absorbed after p. o administration but they reach the intestine in sufficient amounts. However, AMOXICILLIN is almost completely absorbed. THUS it is not appropriate therapy for SALMONELLA derived enteritis. Since effective levels do not reach the organism in the intestinal crypts. Food will impede ALL PENICILLINASE RESISTANT PENICILLINS therefore they should be taken 30 – 60 minutes before meals or 2 – 3 hours after meals. Be reminded that other penicillins are less affected by food. Primary route of excretion via kidneys. The drug PROBENICID will inhibit secretion of penicillins. Adverse reactions include hypersensitivity, diarrhea, nephritis(seen more with methicillin), neurotoxic so be careful with the EPILEPTIC patient. Platelet dysfunction, (seen more with ticarcillin and carbenicillin) NEXT STOP CEPHALOSPORINS. These are B-lactam antibiotics and are closely related to penicillins structurally and functionally, and have the same mode of action and mechanism of resistance as the penicillins, but tend to be more resistant than the penicillins to B-Lactamase. Cephalosporins have been classified as first, second, third and fourth generations largely on the basis of bacterial susceptibility patterns and resistance to B-lactamases. Clinical uses vary depending on the generation of the drug. First Gen: Cefazolin, cephalexin, cefadroxil – great for Gm+ cocci, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumonae, and some proteus species. Also Penicillin G resistant staph. Second Gen: cefotetan, cefaclor, cefoxitin useful against Gm- bacilli, including B. fragilis(cefotetan) H. influenza, enterobacter aerogenes, neisseria species and Moraxella catarrhalis. Third Gen: Many Gm= and Gm- cocci and Gm- bacilli including B-lactamase forming strains. Ceftazidime (Pseudomonas), ceftizoxime (anerobes), ceftriaxone and cefixime(gonococci), cefotaxamine(antagonizes Vit K), cefoperazole,moxalactam. Fourth Gen: Cefipime This drug combines the Gm+ activity of the first generation with the Gm- activity of the third generation drugs. Please keep in mind that cephalosporins have some limitations: a. The third and fourth generations have a wide spectrum of antibacterial action that includes many significant pathogens. b. There are gaps in the antibacterial activity of cephalosporins c. None of the cephalosporins have clinically useful activity in the treatment of infections caused by methicillin resistant staphylococci, Listeria species, enterococci or â€Å"atypical† organisms such as Mycoplasma pneumonae and Chlamydia. The mechanism of action similar to Penicillins, and the mechanisms of resistance are essentially the same as those for penicillin. All cephalosporins except CEFADROXIL, CEPHRADINE(1st), CEFACLOR(2ND), and CEFIXIME(3rd) must be administered via IV. Due to poor oral absorption. All of them distribute very well into the body fluids but only with the 3rd gen you get adequate levels in the CSF especially with CEFOTAXAMINE which isused to treat meningitis caused by H. influenza. Elimination of cephalosporins is by tubular secretion and or glomerular filtration. Thus dosage must be adjusted in pts with renal failure. However, Cefoperazone and Ceftriaxone are EXCRETED THRU BILE into the FECES, and can be used in pts with renal insufficiency. Among the side effects of cephalosporins are allergic manifestations in that 15% of individuals allergic to penicillins will show cross-sensitivity whereas the allergic reactions to cephalosporins is 1 2%. There is a disulfiram-like EFFECT when CEFAMANDOLE, CEFOPERAZONE and MOXALACTAM are ingested with alcohol or alcohol-containing medications. These drugs will block the second step in alcohol oxidation which results in accumulation of acetaldehyde. In fact these same three drugs can also cause bleeding because of anti-vit K effects. So give Vit K to correct the problem of bleeding. Let us look at the other B-Lactam antibiotics. CARBAPENEMS- These are IV drugs which are eliminated via the kidneys so you have to reduce the dosage in renal dysfunction patients. The carbipenems are IMIPENEM and MEROPENEM, and they are bacteriocidal and have a wide activity against Gm+ and Gm- bacteria including anerobes. Very good in Empiric therapy pending lab results. Imipenem is used with CILASTATIN which blocks its metabolism by renal dihydropeptidases. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, skin rashes and seizures are among the adverse effects. MONOBACTAMS AZTREONAM is capable of disrupting cell wall synthesis but has a narrow spectrum and cannot be used alone in empiric therapy. It is resistant to B- lactamases. Used IM or IV and is excreted in the urine so it can accumulate in pts with renal problems. However, the drug is relatively non toxic although it can cause phlebitis, skin rash and occasionally abnormal liver function tests. This is a safe alternative for treating patients allergic to penicillin. B-Lactamase Inhibitors. Clavulanic acid, sulbactam. These protect penicillin derivatives from enzymatic inactivation by B-lactamases. Note ; clavulanic acid alone barely has antibacterial activity. We now arrive at the big gun, VANCOMYCIN a bacteriocidal wall inhibitor of glycosylation ractions by binding to the D-Ala-D-Ala terminal of the peptide chains of peptidoglycans. Resistance involves decreased binding of the drug via replacement of the terminal D-Ala-by D-lactate. It is used mainly for severe infections caused by methicillin resistant staph, pseudomembraneous colitis caused by C. difficile, allergies to penicillin,used prophylactically in dental patients with prosthetic heart valves. Resistrance rarely occurs with it, and slow IV infusion is used to treat systemic infections. Drug is excreted via glomerular filtration. The side effects are serious ; dose-related ototoxicity is associated with serum levels above 80ug/ml. Nephrotoxicity may occur in some pts, fever, chills or phlebitis can occur at the site of infusion. Shock has occurred in pts when infusion is rapid. Rashes may be seen in chronic administration. I want you to remember this for the boards if a pt has ANTIBIOTIC –INDUCED COLITIS give VANCOMYCIN p. o. since it is not absorbed after oral administration.

Community Assessment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Community Assessment - Research Paper Example v. Health Promotional activities undertaken in recent months vi. Whether the quality of health services is good vii. What are the major health problems viii. How many care takers are employed in the township ix. What is the level of depression x. How often the family members visit Senior Citizens xi. Whether the residents are emotionally happy xii. Which are the activities undertaken to keep them physically and emotionally happy 2. Nutritional Metabolic Pattern : (Survey dated 04.09.2007) The aim of this study was to find characteristic differences between nutritional habits of elderly people living in South Towne Ranch Retirement living . Method: 266 elderly people (109 men >65 years, and 157 women >60 years) were consecutively selected and questioned about eating habits , lifestyle and food frequency . Medical check-up, and laboratory tests were also performed. i. Whether the elderly people are well nourished ii. What are the nutritional habits of Senior Citizens iii. What is the average food purchased by each Senior Citizen iv. Whether the food stores are available nearby v. What are the food preferences among men and women living in this township vi. What is the average water consumption of each Senior Citizen vii. Whether water supply is adequate viii. What is the average weight of people living in this township ix. How many of them are obese 3. Elimination Pattern (Survey dated 05.09.2007) The purpose of this study was to evaluate the environmental health of South Towne Ranch township . The survey included healthy elderly members . Survey : i. Whether the Air is pollution free ii. What is the percentage of Carbon Dioxide in the Air iii. Whether the environment is...Major highways and shopping are right around the block. South Towne mall, Utah's largest shopping destination, with two levels of over 150 specialty shops and restaurants is only a half-mile away! Several 18 hole championship golf courses are nearby as well, including a number of signature courses designed by professionals. Some of the top skiing resorts in the nation, Snow Bird, Alta, Brighton, Solitude - are each only 45 minutes away. This location is also only an hour and a half from Park City - where the 2002 Winter Olympics were held ! The purpose of this survey was to describe the health status of the elderly in South Towne Ranch Retirement living .The participants were asked to rate their health. About 10.5% of the sample perceived that their health was excellent, 63.6% good, while 26% believed that their health was poor.When asked to compare their health to other people,51.7% believed their health was similar to others, 22.6% considered it to be better than others, 18.3% considered their health worse than others and 7.4% could not say. Method: 266 elderly people (109 men >65 years, and 157 women >60 years) were consecutively selected and questioned about eating habits , lifestyle and food frequency . Medical check-up, and laboratory tests were also performed. The survey was conducted among people aged between 60 to 85 to understand the sleeping habits and problems among th

James m. mcpherson crossroads of freedom antietam Essay

James m. mcpherson crossroads of freedom antietam - Essay Example McPherson lay out a chronological account of this battle starting with the events that prompted the war, how the battle was fought, and its aftermath. This paper seeks to explore how the battle of Antietam changed the course of America’s Civil War in accordance with McPherson views. The battle of Antietam is indeed remembered as the deadliest and bloodiest day in America’s history. However, this day also has a lot of significance in civil war since it changed the course of the war completely as pointed out by McPherson (2). This is seen right from the first chapter where McPherson lays out shifting fortunes witnessed during the early years before the conflict. Here, McPherson reveals how both the Union and Confederate and European powers were affected by the events of the first years of the battle. In this regard, McPherson Juxtaposes the success of Union forces in the early months of the conflict to Lincoln government’s poor handling of ‘Trent Affairâ€⠄¢ and failure of Union forces to conquer the Southern Army. Reflecting the failed Union efforts in the ‘Trent Affair’, McPherson argues that the failure of Confederates to use King Cotton to mount a blockage marked the turning point of the war in its early years of 1862. This is because it gave the Union soldiers the opportunity to repel the Confederate invasion of the north. In this regard, McPherson mentions the usual sources, which included Mary Boykin Chesnut, John B. Jones, Charles Francis Adams, and Elizabeth Blair Lee (McPherson 6). Chapter two of the book gives accounts of the increasing southern fortunes and the tensions that resulted thereof. McPherson titled this ‘Taking off the Kid Gloves, June-July of 1862’ (McPherson 17). In this regard, McPherson gives an account of how growing support for the views of Confederates among European powers turned the course of the battle. McPherson argues that failure of Federals to succeed increased the commit ment level of Union forces to wage a different war. This is because the failure by the Federals pointed the weakness of the confederates thereby increasing the morale of the Union forces to continue waging a strong battle, according to McPherson (19). In fact, McPherson noted that the battle of Antietam gave signs of Union’s victory in the war with many Confederate forces perishing in the war. McPherson argues that the battle of Antietam also changed the course of the war since it marked the point where the European powers began seeking for diplomatic recognition, which later resulted in a negotiated settlement leading to the recognition of independence. McPherson also argued that the victory of the Union soldiers in the battle of Antietam also changed the course of the war in the sense that it resulted to the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation by President Lincoln, which changed the war into a war against slavery (McPherson 26). According to McPherson, Emancipation Pr oclamation increased the need to re-ignite Northern enthusiasm through radicalization the war. In fact, McPherson argues that the establishment of an army under Union General John Pope was a move towards a total battle on the interest of the Southern, particularly property. McPherson noted that this entirely changed the course of the civil war to war against slavery and property (McPherson 41). McPherson explains this giving an account of the events that took place in the

The History of Rock and Roll Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The History of Rock and Roll - Essay Example However, crossover music may also be a combination of two dominant styles that are each distinctive. Jerry Lee Lewis' "Great Balls of Fire" went to the top 3 of the C&W, R&B, and Pop charts because it had distinctive elements of all three styles. Musical styles can sometimes be combined into 'fusion' music, such as Rockabilly, that forms a new style but is still considered a form of crossover. Crossover is important because it increases the size of the available audience. This is especially true when radio stations are categorized by genre. An audience will have a loyalty to a certain station and by getting airtime on both a rock station and a country station, the artist has doubled their exposure. This phenomena was critical to 45-RPM record sales in the 1950s. Exposure to new music was through the radio and record sales were directly linked to airtime and radio station promotion. A crossover record could double their sales or as in the case of "Great Balls of Fire", sales could triple. Elvis Presley's musical career peaked in 1960 before he left for the Army. The previous 6 years had an enormous impact on rock and roll that his later career would never have been able to capture. When Elvis signed with Sun Records in 1954, he brought the right ingredients to an environment that meshed perfectly with his style (Stuessy and Lipscomb 36). Rock and Roll had been introduced to a rebellious post war youth in an affluent economy. The 45-RPM record had made music on demand accessible for everyone and it was most popular with the younger audience. To this scene, Elvis brought his unique mix of musical talents. He had a broad range of style from Gospel to hard core Rock and Roll that held a wide appeal (Stuessy and Lipscomb 40). He could successfully blend these styles or use them independently. His physical appearance and performances were just rebellious enough to mirror James Dean and entrance the emerging TV viewers. Elvis was able to dominate the youth culture and explo it the new mediums of recording and television. After his release from the Army, Rock and Roll had taken new directions and had a life of its own. Music was getting more sophisticated and the audiences had generated expectations of a continually changing sound. His 1960s hits "In the Ghetto" and "Suspicious Minds" lacked the spark that had ignited the Rock revolution (Stuessy and Lipscomb 38). They were generic sounds that could have been performed by a dozen other artists. Though he would always remain one of the most popular figures in music, without the early years he would never have reached the success that he has today. A Good 1950s Rock and Roll Song The Rock and Roll of the 1950s was a pulling away from the Big Band era and the crooners of the 1940s. It had to be counter to those sounds. Where Big Band had been highly structured, Rock was required to have little if any structure. This often resulted in songs that were simple and direct with few chords and simple progressions. This was part of Rock's appeal. A good song needed a familiar structure that the audience could immediately relate to. Buddy Holly's "Oh Boy" was built on the I IV V chord progression that had permeated Country and Blues for decades (Stuessy and Lipscomb 30). The successful song would take these familiar progressions and escalate the tempo, timbre, and volume to create a good Rock and Roll

Department of Health Campaigns

Department of Health Campaigns The Department of Health (DH) and its health campaign The Department of health helps people of Britain to live better for longer. The Department of Health lead, shape and fund health and care in England and making sure that people get the right support, care and treatment they need, with the compassion, respect and dignity they deserve. The Department of Health responsibilities: The Department of Health lead across health and care by creating national policies and legislation, providing the long term vision and ambition to meet current and future challenges, putting health and care at the heart of government and being a global leader in health care policy. The Department of Health support the integrity of the system by providing funding, assuring the delivery and continuity of services and accounting to Parliament in a way that represents the best interest of the patient, public and tax payer. The Department of Health champion innovation and improvement by supporting research and technology, promoting honesty, openness and transparency, and instilling a culture that values compassion, dignity and the highest quality of care above everything. Above all, the Department of Health encourages staff in every health and care organization, including our own, to understand and learn from people’s experiences of health and care and to apply this to everything we do. The Department of Health priorities: Preventing people from dying prematurely by improving mortality rates for big killer diseases, to be amongst the best in Europe, through improving prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Improving the standard of care throughout the system so that quality of care is considered as important as quality of treatment, through greater accountability, better training, tougher inspections and more attention paid to what patient say. Improving treatment and care for people with dementia, to be among the best in Europe through early diagnosis, better research and support. Bringing the technology revolution to the NHS to help people, especially those with long term condition, manage their health and care. In order to achieve and implement the best possible care to the people of Britain, the Department of Health is supported by 24 agencies and public bodies who work across the country. The NHS England is the main department that carries out health and care services and also provides national and international health campaign in Britain. The Campaign Resource Center aims to provide a one-stop shop for all Department of Health public health campaign activities for anyone who works directly with the public. The Department of Health campaigns are intended to help people: To become engaged with their own health and wellbeing. To be able to understand how lifestyle choices impact on current and future health outcomes. To be able to obtain sound advice about what constitutes a healthy lifestyle, and To be able to access appropriate services, products and tools to help the people change their behavior. The Public Health offices together with the Department of Health has several major health campaigns that has been well organized and structured for the people to raise the level of awareness to the big killer diseases in Britain. The Department of Health and the NHS have pioneered the use of social media (e.g. facebook, twitter) to change health behaviors, with some considerable success mainly due to the ever changing technology nowadays on how people find out information for them to raise their level of awareness to certain diseases. Among the popular campaigns that have been implemented by the Public Health together with the Department of Health are the Act FAST and Smoke free. Act FAST campaign The Act FAST campaign is to raise awareness of people about STROKE. Stroke is the third leading cause of death in England each year, and accounts for 10% of deaths (more than 45,000). It kills more women than breast cancer. Being able to identify and detect early signs after the onset is crucial to the effectiveness of Stroke treatments. The campaign is about raising the level of awareness of people about signs of Stroke, it also encourages people to call 999 immediately so that those experiencing stroke can be seen within three hours of onset. The marketing campaign for Stroke is comprised of TV advertising, radio, outdoor, PR and partnership activity. The F.A.S.T was a fantastic mnemonic (Face, Arms, Speech, Time) that brought it home what to do if somebody’s having a stroke and will without doubt save lives. It was originally launched in February 2009 which highlights the visible signs of stroke, the Act FAST campaign is specifically designed to inform the public about FAST – Face, Arm, Speech, Time to call 999. FAST is a simple test to help people recognize the signs of stroke and understand the importance of emergency treatment. The faster a stroke patient receives treatment, the better their chances of surviving and reducing long term disability. When Stroke Strikes ACT FAST: Face – Has their face fallen to one side? Can they smile? Arms – Can they raise their arms and keep them there? Speech – Is their speech slurred? Time – Time to call 999 if you see any of these signs Another campaign which the Health and Care sector of Britain gives focus is about the smoke free campaign which provides the people of Britain necessary information on how to quit smoking successfully. SMOKEFREE Campaign Smoking in Britain is still the biggest cause of preventable death and disease. The SmokeFree campaign is piloted by the NHS which is a nationwide campaign and funded by the Department of Health which aims to provide motivation, information and support to those who want to quit smoking. Different campaign resources are being used to relay information to the people and actually giving specific campaign materials to individual suited to their needs in quitting smoking. A number of campaign materials are being use here in the UK like the use of brochures, quit kit and resource center to support people in quitting smoking. Smokefree kit guides are available online, brochures and leaflets that are being distributed all throughout the United Kingdom. It also uses media like television, radio programs and on the internet showing ways to quit smoking and how to eradicate the deadly effect of smoking to the person directly and indirectly. Stoptober 2014 The stoptober 2014 is a slogan made to encourage mass participation to quit smoking by October. This effort was launch three years ago and it was slowly increasing the number of people trying to quit smoking and totally stop smoking by October. The stoptober leads smokers through a detailed step-by-step program to help them achieve their goals. There would be lots of free resources available for partners supporting the campaign. Smokefree homes and cars campaigns In Britain, over eight hundred children visit their GPs every day due to the serious effects of second hand smoke exposure. The campaign is sponsored by the Public Health England which increases awareness of the hidden dangers of smoking in their homes and cars. More than 80 percent of second hand smoke is invisible and odourless, it contains harmful cancer-causing toxins and poisons. Everyday millions of children in the UK are exposed to second hand smoking, which puts them at increased risk of lung disease, meningitis and cot death. The treatment, hospital and GP visits for second hand smoke related illnesses cost the NHS about  £23.6 million each year. Quitkit campaign This campaign was launched from January 1, 2012 to help people to quit smoking. Smokers will be able to pick up a free quitkit from thousands of pharmacies in England. The NHS quikit is a box of practical tools and advice developed with smokers and experts which has helped thousands of smokers to quit successfully. References https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-of-health/about (accessed 08/07/2014) http://campaigns.dh.gov.uk/about/ (accessed 08/07/2014) http://campaigns.dh.gov.uk/category/smoke/ (accessed 14/07/2014) http://2013.ncas.brintex.com/zone/ExhibitorList/Exhibitor/11272/DepartmentOfHealth (accessed 15/07/2014) http://campaigns.dh.gov.uk/category/act-fast/ (accessed 15/07/2014) http://campaigns.dh.gov.uk/2013/06/05/smokefree-homes-and-cars-campaign-launched/ (accessed 15/07/2014)

Revolution in France, Latin America, and British North America :: Peasuasive Argumentative History Essays

Revolution in France, Latin America, and British North America One possible definition of a revolution is "an act of organized violence to bring about radical changes in the economic, social and political relations within a given system. It uses force to destroy (sometimes physically) and replace those who hold power." Using this definition, can the events on France, Latin America and British North America in the period 1776-1820 be considered revolutions? Are some more revolutionary than others? Many changes occurred during the 19th century with the industrial revolution. The revolution, if we can call it that, started in Britain with the introduction of new machinery that substituted man power. These new machineries, first in the textile industry and then in others, were used in factories to create mass productions, of textiles in the case of the textile industry. This new ability to create mass production of textiles very quickly and with the quality of the most expensive textile in the market, created great changes, not only in Britain, but also in other countries. The prices of textiles drop drastically, which made is possible for poor people to afford it. This was a very good change, since people had the chance to live life with a little more comfort. Another positive effect of the industrial revolution in Britain, is that the newly created factories created a lot of jobs. This jobs gave a new opportunity for farmer; they began to think of themselves differently, and many of them did move to the city, to take a job in a factory. Like any change in life, the industrial revolution also had negative effects. A shortage of food was one of these negative effects. The people that moved to the city lost the ability to feed themselves, and the few farmers who stayed barely produced enough to feed their families, so there was place to get enough food to feed all those workers. Housing was another growing problem in Britain. The cities in Britain developed fast, specially the working class neighborhood which were constructed for factory workers to live in because they could not afford anything else. However, this development could not keep up with the increase in population, so very quickly the working neighborhoods became overcrowded, and then extremely overcrowded. The living conditions of the working class in the cities decayed as fast, or even faster as the population increased.

Globalisation in Terms of Social and Economic Trends

Globalisation is not a single phenomenon. It has become a catch-all concept to describe a range of trends and forces changing the social and economic structures of the world. Globalisation may be defined as ‘becoming or making world-wide†, but it has also been referred to as Westernisation. Globalisation as argued by Professor Ruud Lubbers, former Prime Minister of the Netherlands, is considered to have a number of distinct elements to it, which include Economic, Technological, Political, Cultural and Environmental. Economically, greater world integration or globalisation has been greatly encouraged since the Second World War, with the introduction of free trade agreements such as GATT (General Agreement on Tariff†s and Trade). Additionally, regional trade agreements have also been developed, which have included ‘single markets† established by the European Community and NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement). Technologically, the IT revolution has provided a massive improvements in our ability to store and manipulate data using ever more powerful computers. More important however, is the communication abilities of these computers. The Communications Revolution has resulted in the ‘shrinking† of the world. Politically, it was not until the collapse of the former Soviet Block in the late 1980†³s and the general acceptance of the free market (deregulation) and democracy, coupled with the emergence of the ‘Tiger† economies of the Pacific Rim, that the term globalisation has taken on true significance. Culturally, there has been a spreading of Westernisation, or perhaps more accurately Americanisation through the media of films, television and music. Following the Second World War, the USA fearing the rise of communism, actively encouraged and subsidised the world-wide distribution of films effectively advertising (if only subliminally) the benefits of capitalism and the American Dream. As a consequence to the dilution of cultures, France for example has since introduced legislation requiring radio stations to play a minimum of 40% of music originating from or sung in French. Environmental problems are increasingly becoming global problems. Therefore, countries are no longer able to look at environmental issues in isolation. This has been dramatically illustrated for example by the nuclear disaster at Chernobyl, the depletion of the ozone layer and acid rain over Scandinavia. Countries now need to act collectively (as per the Rio Conference) for there to be any chance of reversing or just slowing the damage being caused to the environment. Globalisation of the economy has not been based purely on free trade but also on the free movement of capital. This has promoted direct foreign investments from one country into another (e.g. massive Japanese investment into the EU, especially the UK) which has had a strong influence on the globalisation of the national economies. As an economic phenomenon, globalisation has resulted in a shift away from a world of distinct national economies to a global economy in which production is distributed internationally and finance is able to flow freely and instantly between countries. Multinational businesses have vast economic powers, whilst institutional investors and financial gurus such as George Soros are capable of influencing the currency rates, economic policies, and interest rates of individual nation states (e.g. September 1992, the UK was forced to leave the European Exchange Rate Mechanism). The framework of rules within which economic activity takes place is increasingly defined within the international framework of organisations such as the WTO (World Trade Organisation), the IMF (International Monetary Fund), the World Bank, the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) and G7-8 summits, together with the regional trading blocks such as the European Union and NAFTA. Globalisation is arguably both a cause and a consequence of the information revolution. It is driven by dramatic improvements in telecommunications, exponential increases in computing power coupled with lower costs, and the development of electronic communications and information networks such as the Internet. These communications technologies are helping to overcome the barriers of physical distance. Communities of various types, including NGOs (Non-Government Organisations) which include international interest groups like Amnesty International or Greenpeace, as well as business and labour organisations, now function across national borders. Greenpeace is a prime example: the Shell Brent Spar case illustrated the ability of such internationally organised interest groups to successfully exert commercial and political pressure in multiple countries simultaneously. In turn, social policies affecting individual citizens are becoming more sensitive to international influences, especially when highlighted by the global news media. While globalisation is transferring numerous decisions to the international arena, political and constitutional reforms in many countries involve attempts to decentralise decision-making from central government to more regionally autonomous authorities to cater for a sense of ‘local† identity (e.g. new Labour polices on devolution for Scotland and Wales). These trends appear contradictory, but in practice they are causing the development of new multi-level policy systems. Consequently, borders are becoming increasingly difficult for governments to define and maintain. Therefore, national governments are being forced to redefine their roles, responsibilities and policy relationships. In the same way, multinational companies will find that they will not only have to deal with global trends but also the local laws and customs of their intended markets and manufacturing centres. Globalisation has raised fears that the sovereignty of nation states is being undermined. If sovereignty can be defined as the ability to exercise control without outside interference, then nation states are clearly experiencing diminishing sovereignty. Governments must recognise and work on the assumption that most issues they are required to deal with are affected by or will affect to some extent the international competitiveness of the country. Governments' own responses to globalisation or the search for joint solutions to global problems have further effects upon sovereignty. Participation in international organisations or the adoption of international agreements puts limits on policy options available to governments. This may even require modifications to long-standing domestic policies and practices. Interdependence is narrowing the degree of domestic policy independence. Unilateral action may not be the most effective way to achieve policy goals. For example, the exploitation of resources such as fisheries would inevitably result in the severe depletion, if not destruction, of common stocks (European Common Fisheries Policy) . Many other important policy goals cannot be met by governments acting alone. In combating environmental problems and international crime etc, the interests of individual nations, therefore, may only be protected by collective action. The competition for international investment encouraged by the activities and mobility of multinational enterprises means that most traditional domestic policies such as education and training, taxation, social protection, economic regulation and labour legislation have become international. Even a nation's domestic management policy is a matter of great concern to its trading rivals, because this will ultimately affect a country†s efficiency and consequently its competitiveness. Government policies must increasingly be made more consistent with or competitive against those of their main trading rivals. This was highlighted by Britain†s decision to opt out of the Social Chapter of the Maastricht Treaty. Monetary and fiscal policy decisions can no longer be taken on the basis of exclusively domestic considerations. Currently more than 10 times the amount of finance needed to support the current volume of world trade, is traded daily on the world currency markets. This means that 90 per cent of that activity could be seen as pure currency speculation. This is far in excess of what central banks can hope to influence through their own interventions, especially in the absence of any joint action. In recent years, the Labour Party in the UK, after four successive election defeats has gradually moved its economic policy broadly in line with that of the current Government. This may be seen as an attempt to gain credibility with the UK electorate but perhaps most importantly, to gain credibility with the International Money Markets which will have the opportunity of voting with their funds! The improvement of communications this century from sailing ship to satellite has contributed directly to the globalisation of the world†s economies and political systems. Technological globalisation of Information Technology has moved across cultural and physical barriers, effectively eliminating the capacity of countries (however draconian) to isolate themselves from the world outside. Despite this, Iran has recently banned the use of satellite television, but control will be difficult, if not impossible, to achieve because the information revolution which has also provided e-mail and the Internet has democratised information. It may seem nonsensical for the need to obtain a visa to physically visit someone to whom you are able to talk to electronically on a daily basis. The result is that free speech and civil liberties are becoming increasingly international. Borders will no longer act as boundaries, especially with respect to information (IT has effectively eliminated the capacity of countries to keep out foreign influences, good or bad) and the flow of finance and crime. Therefore, numerous problems can only be tackled in collaboration with other countries. Ultimately, the goal of globalisation is to achieve a world economy reaping the benefits of additional trade and, consequently, mutual dependency (no two countries with a MacDonalds franchise have ever gone to war with each other!), therefore creating more jobs and prosperity for the participating countries. However, some such as Martin Khor, an economist and director of the NGO Third World Network, believe that free trade within a global market will polarise the poorer countries from the richer nations still further. According to some estimates, the industrialised countries, which make up 20% of the GATT membership, will gain 70% of the additional income arising from the implementation of the Uruguay Round of GATT. The globalisation of trade finance and information is perhaps the tip of the globalisation iceberg. The challenge to governments may be made more acute by a host of other internationalisation†s under-way, which include areas such as crime and population movement (economic refugees). Even if it is considered by some to be less than desirable, the increasing globalisation of the world seems unavoidable. In the long term, little may be gained by nation states resisting the impacts of globalisation, which may ultimately prove to be ineffective and counter-productive. To conclude, the ever-improving technology and consequently communications available to businesses, have enabled the creation of a global economy of production and finance, enabling industry to make use of territorial divisions, playing one country or trade-block off against another to maximise subsidies, savings in taxes, avoidance of anti-pollution regulations and guarantees of political stability and favour. With this, a new political structure is emerging with national sovereignty being an ever-looser concept (illustrated by the gradual and continuing integration of individual nation states into the European Union), which is contributing to the emergence of a phenomenon described by Robert Cox as ‘macro-regionalism†. He considers there to be three macro-regions in the making: Europe based on the European Union; an Eastern Asian sphere centred around Japan; and a North American sphere centred around the USA and looking to embrace Latin America. Perhaps the emergence of these macro-regions is part of a natural evolution towards a truly global state?

Free Essays on Ethics In Business

From a business perspective, working under government contracts can be a very lucrative proposition. In general, a stream of orders keep coming in, revenue increases and the company grows in the aggregate. The obvious downfalls to working in this manner is both higher quality expected as well as the extensive research and documentation required for government contracts. If a part fails to perform correctly it can cause minor glitches as well as problems that can carry serious repercussions, such as in the National Semiconductor case. When both the culpable component and company are found, the question arises of how extensive these repercussions should be. Is the company as an entity liable or do you look into individual employees within that company? From an ethical perspective one would have to look at the mitigating factors of both the employees and their superiors along with the role of others in the failure of these components. Next you would have to analyze the final ruling from a corporate perspective and then we must examine the macro issue of corporate responsibility in order to attempt to find a resolution for cases like these. The first mitigating factor involved in the National Semiconductor case is the uncertainty, on the part of the employees, on the duties that they were assigned. It is plausible that during the testing procedure, an employee couldnt distinguish which parts they were to test under government standards and commercial standards. In some cases they might have even been misinformed on the final consumers of the products that they tested. In fact, ignorance on the part of the employees would fully excuse them from any moral responsibility for any damage that may result from their work. Whether it is decided that an employees is fully excused, or is given some moral responsibility, would have to be looked at on an individual basis. The second mitigating factor is the duress or threats that an employee mi... Free Essays on Ethics In Business Free Essays on Ethics In Business From a business perspective, working under government contracts can be a very lucrative proposition. In general, a stream of orders keep coming in, revenue increases and the company grows in the aggregate. The obvious downfalls to working in this manner are both higher quality expected as well as the extensive research and documentation required for government contracts. If a part fails to perform correctly it can cause minor glitches as well as problems that can carry serious repercussions, such as in the National Semiconductor case. When both the culpable component and company are found, the question arises of how extensive these repercussions should be. Is the company as an entity liable or do you look into individual employees within that company? From an ethical perspective one would have to look at the mitigating factors of both the employees and their superiors along with the role of others in the failure of these components. Next you would have to analyze the final ruling fro m a corporate perspective and then we must examine the macro issue of corporate responsibility in order to attempt to find a resolution for cases like these. The first mitigating factor involved in the National Semiconductor case is the uncertainty, on the part of the employees, on the duties that they were assigned. It is plausible that during the testing procedure, an employee couldn?t distinguish which parts they were to test under government standards and commercial standards. In some cases they might have even been misinformed on the final consumers of the products that they tested. In fact, ignorance on the part of the employees would fully excuse them from any moral responsibility for any damage that may result from their work. Whether it is decided that an employees is fully excused, or is given some moral responsibility, would have to be looked at on an individual basis. The second mitigating factor is the duress or threats that an employee ... Free Essays on Ethics in Business When taking about the subject of â€Å"business ethic,† it may sound like an oxymoron. As Wartick & Wood assert, â€Å"Business ethics is based upon some normative concepts about they way business should operate† (Wartick & Wood, 1998, p. 124). Since this day and age we are living in, business practices mostly seem to be publicized as unethical, the word â€Å"should† that is emphasized in Wartick and Woods definition of business ethics stands out. People tend to be more apt to uphold a higher code of ethics in a personal or societal context, as opposed to a business context. There is also the ever present â€Å"what comes first, the chicken or the egg† rhetoric. Is it the responsibility of the people within the organization to uphold a code of ethics? Since a corporation cannot enforce ethicality amongst its members since ethics themselves cannot be imposed on others, it is the organizations responsibility to find a way to ensure members fit into the code of ethics they promote or at least follow it when working within the organization. Virtually all decision-making in the business setting is affected, either positively or negatively, by ethicality. All organizations are imbued with their own code of formal and informal code of ethics. The formal code of ethics comes in various forms, such as vision and mission statements, and written policies in which the organization chooses how business should be conducted. The informal codes of ethics are the unspoken rules; how people relate interpersonally, and if there is any punishment when the formal code of ethics is violated. When someone joins an organization, they bring with them their own personal values, and morality shaped by their own personal and professional experiences. â€Å"If the formal and informal organizational ethics are consistent, one is left merely to decide whether the organizational ethical climate is compatible with his/her individual ethics. If compatibility ... Free Essays on Ethics In Business Ethics in Business From a business perspective, working under government contracts can be a very lucrative proposition. In general, a stream of orders keep coming in, revenue increases and the company grows in the aggregate. The obvious downfalls to working in this manner is both higher quality expected as well as the extensive research and documentation required for government contracts. If a part fails to perform correctly it can cause minor glitches as well as problems that can carry serious repercussions, such as in the National Semiconductor case. When both the culpable component and company are found, the question arises of how extensive these repercussions should be. Is the company as an entity liable or do you look into individual employees within that company? From an ethical perspective one would have to look at the mitigating factors of both the employees and their superiors along with the role of others in the failure of these components. Next you would have to analyze the final ruling from a corporate perspective and then we must examine the macro issue of corporate responsibility in order to attempt to find a resolution for cases like these. The first mitigating factor involved in the National Semiconductor case is the uncertainty, on the part of the employees, on the duties that they were assigned. It is plausible that during the testing procedure, an employee couldnt distinguish which parts they were to test under government standards and commercial standards. In some cases they might have even been misinformed on the final consumers of the products that they tested. In fact, ignorance on the part of the employees would fully excuse them from any moral responsibility for any damage that may result from their work. Whether it is decided that an employees is fully excused, or is given some moral responsibility, would have to be looked at on an individual basis. The second mitiga... Free Essays on Ethics in Business Ethics In Business From a business perspective, working under government contracts can be very profitable. In general, a steady stream of orders keep coming in, revenue increases and the company continues to grow. There are a few obvious downfalls to working with government contracts; a higher quality is to be expected as well as extensive research accompanied by accurate and complete documentation is usually required. If one part of the process fails to perform correctly it can cause minor flaws as well as problems that can carry some serious repercussions; for example the case of the failed computer chip at Company X. When both the employee and company are found at fault, the question arises of how extensive should the repercussions be? Is the company as a whole liable or do you look into individual employees within that company? From an ethical perspective one would have to look at the available information of both the employees and their superiors along with the role of others in the situatio n. Next you would have to analyze the final outcome from a corporate viewpoint and then examine the corporate responsibility as a whole in order to find a resolution for cases such as this. The first mitigating factor involved in the Company X case is the uncertainty, on the part of the employees, on their duties that they were assigned. It is possible that during the testing procedure, an employee couldn’t distinguish between the parts they were to test under government standards and commercial standards. In some cases they might have even been misinformed on the final product that they tested. In fact, ignorance on the part of the employees would fully excuse them from any moral responsibility for any damage that may result from their work. Whether it is decided that an employee is fully excused, or is given some moral responsibility, would have to be looked at on an individual basis. The second mitigating factor is one of th... Free Essays on Ethics in Business Ethics in Business From a business perspective, working under government contracts can be a very lucrative proposition. In general, a stream of orders keep coming in, revenue increases and the company grows in the aggregate. The obvious downfalls to working in this manner is both higher quality expected as well as the extensive research and documentation required for government contracts. If a part fails to perform correctly it can cause minor glitches as well as problems that can carry serious repercussions, such as in the National Semiconductor case. When both the culpable component and company are found, the question arises of how extensive these repercussions should be. Is the company as an entity liable or do you look into individual employees within that company? From an ethical perspective one would have to look at the mitigating factors of both the employees and their superiors along with the role of others in the failure of these components. Next you would have to analyze the final ruling from a corporate perspective and then we must examine the macro issue of corporate responsibility in order to attempt to find a resolution for cases like these. The first mitigating factor involved in the National Semiconductor case is the uncertainty, on the part of the employees, on the duties that they were assigned. It is plausible that during the testing procedure, an employee couldnt distinguish which parts they were to test under government standards and commercial standards. In some cases they might have even been misinformed on the final consumers of the products that they tested. In fact, ignorance on the part of the employees would fully excuse them from any moral responsibility for any damage that may result from their work. Whether it is decided that an employees is fully excused, or is given some moral responsibility, would have to be looked at on an individ... Free Essays on Ethics In Business From a business perspective, working under government contracts can be a very lucrative proposition. In general, a stream of orders keep coming in, revenue increases and the company grows in the aggregate. The obvious downfalls to working in this manner is both higher quality expected as well as the extensive research and documentation required for government contracts. If a part fails to perform correctly it can cause minor glitches as well as problems that can carry serious repercussions, such as in the National Semiconductor case. When both the culpable component and company are found, the question arises of how extensive these repercussions should be. Is the company as an entity liable or do you look into individual employees within that company? From an ethical perspective one would have to look at the mitigating factors of both the employees and their superiors along with the role of others in the failure of these components. Next you would have to analyze the final ruling from a corporate perspective and then we must examine the macro issue of corporate responsibility in order to attempt to find a resolution for cases like these. The first mitigating factor involved in the National Semiconductor case is the uncertainty, on the part of the employees, on the duties that they were assigned. It is plausible that during the testing procedure, an employee couldnt distinguish which parts they were to test under government standards and commercial standards. In some cases they might have even been misinformed on the final consumers of the products that they tested. In fact, ignorance on the part of the employees would fully excuse them from any moral responsibility for any damage that may result from their work. Whether it is decided that an employees is fully excused, or is given some moral responsibility, would have to be looked at on an individual basis. The second mitigating factor is the duress or threats that an employee mi...